Research progress of image artifacts in optical coherence tomography angiography_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Han Yue ^1,2 , Liu Xinzhi ^1,2 , Qin Yawen ^1,2 , Ling Ruolan ^1,2 , Zhong Jie ^1,2 ,  Li Jie ^1,2

1. School of Ophthalmology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China;
2. Department of Ophthalmology Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China;

Corresponding author：

Li Jie, Email: lijieyk@med.uestc.edu.cn

Keywords：

Optical coherence tomography angiography; Artifacts; Diabetic retinopathy; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20250402-00140

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), as a non-invasive three-dimensional fundus vascular imaging technique, has significant advantages in the diagnosis and follow-up of eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. However, the existence of OCTA image artifacts has seriously affected its clinical application. These artifacts are caused by various factors such as image acquisition, internal characteristics of the eyeball, eye movement and image processing, such as weak signals, blinking, defocusing, bands, tilting, occlusion, exposure, projection, movement and layering, leading to vascular quantization deviation, lesion blurring and image distortion, thereby reducing the accuracy of clinical diagnosis. To address this issue, researchers have proposed a variety of correction strategies, including enhancing signal strength, optimizing equipment, developing algorithms to identify and eliminate shadow artifacts, using hardware or software methods for motion correction, and employing deep learning algorithms for image quality assessment and artifact removal. Constructing a unified and systematic framework for artifact cognition and processing is crucial for enhancing the reliability of OCTA diagnostic results and will drive the level of ophthalmic diagnosis and treatment to a new height.

1.	Lang GE, Enders C, Loidl M, et al. Accurate OCT-angiography interpretation-detection and exclusion of artifacts[J]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd, 2017, 234(9): 1109-1118. DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-112857.
2.	Lauermann JL, Woetzel AK, Treder M, et al. Prevalences of segmentation errors and motion artifacts in OCT-angiography differ among retinal diseases[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2018, 256(10): 1807-1816. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4053-2.
3.	Stefan WH, Robert NW. High resolution imaging in microscopy and ophthalmology[M]//Rocholz R, Corvi F, Weichsel J, et al. OCT angiography in retinal diagnostics. Cham: Springer, 2019: 135-160.
4.	Makita S, Hong Y, Yamanari M, et al. Optical coherence angiography[J]. Opt Express, 2006, 14(17): 7821-7840. DOI: 10.1364/oe.14.007821.
5.	Spaide RF, Fujimoto JG, Waheed NK. Image artifacts in optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Retina, 2015, 35(11): 2163-2180. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000765.
6.	Koutsiaris AG, Batis V, Liakopoulou G, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) of the eye: a review on basic principles, advantages, disadvantages and device specifications[J]. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc, 2023, 83(3): 247-271. DOI: 10.3233/CH-221634.
7.	Sambhav K, Grover S, Chalam KV. The application of optical coherence tomography angiography in retinal diseases[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2017, 62(6): 838-866. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.05.006.
8.	Spaide RF, Fujimoto JG, Waheed NK. Image artifacts in optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Retina, 2015, 35(11): 2163-2180. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000765.
9.	Wang XN, Li S, Cai X, et al. Imaging artifacts and quality evaluation with ultrawide-field swept-source octa in diabetic retinopathy[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2023, 49(4): 410-416. DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2296362.
10.	Cui Y, Zhu Y, Wang JC, et al. Imaging artifacts and segmentation errors with wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2019, 8(6): 18[2019-11-15]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31772829/. DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.6.18.
11.	Ricco S, Chen M, Ishikawa H, et al. Correcting motion artifacts in retinal spectral domain optical coherence tomography via image registration[J]. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv, 2009, 12(Pt 1): 100-107. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04268-3_13.
12.	Hormel TT, Huang D, Jia Y. Artifacts and artifact removal in optical coherence tomographic angiography[J]. Quant Imaging Med Surg, 2021, 11(3): 1120-1133. DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-730.
13.	Kolb JP, Klein T, Kufner CL, et al. Ultra-widefield retinal MHz-OCT imaging with up to 100 degrees viewing angle[J]. Biomed Opt Express, 2015, 6(5): 1534-1552. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.6.001534.
14.	Guo Y, Hormel TT, Xiong H, et al. Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm for distinguishing the nonperfusion area from signal reduction artifacts on OCT angiography[J]. Biomed Opt Express, 2019, 10(7): 3257-3268. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.10.003257.
15.	董艳娟, 左桂金, 王苏. 老年人瞬目反射的测定和分析[J]. 中华老年医学杂志, 2000, 19(6): 422-424. DOI: 10.3760/j:issn:0254-9026.2000.06.006.Dong YJ, Zuo GZ, Wang S. Measurement and analysis of the blink reflex in the elderly[J]. Chin J Geriatr, 2000, 19(6): 422-424. DOI: 10.3760/j:issn:0254-9026.2000.06.006.
16.	孙晋夫, 余慧敏, 孙旭芳. 光学相干断层扫描血管成像中伪影的研究进展[J]. 眼科新进展, 2021, 41(1): 79-83. DOI: 10.13389/j.cnki.rao.2021.0017.Sun JF, Yu HM, Sun XF. Research progress on artifacts in optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Rec Adv Ophthalmol, 2021, 41(1): 79-83. DOI: 10.13389/j.cnki.rao.2021.0017.
17.	Reich M, Boehringer D, Rothaus K, et al. Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography alleviates shadowing artifacts caused by subretinal fluid[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2020, 40(8): 2007-2016. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01376-7.
18.	Sakini ASA, Hamid AK, Alkhuzaie ZA, et al. Diabetic macular edema (DME): dissecting pathogenesis, prognostication, diagnostic modalities along with current and futuristic therapeutic insights[J/OL]. Int J Retina Vitreous, 2024, 10(1): 83[2024-10-28]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39468614/. DOI: 10.1186/s40942-024-00603-y.
19.	Camino A, Jia Y, Yu J, et al. Automated detection of shadow artifacts in optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Biomed Opt Express, 2019, 10(3): 1514-1531. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.10.001514.
20.	Onishi AC, Ashraf M, Soetikno BT, et al. Multilevel ischemia in disorganization of the retinal inner layers on projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(8): 1588-1594. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002179.
21.	Zhang W, He B, Wu Y, et al. Tail artifacts removal of three-dimensional optical coherence tomography angiography with common parts extraction method[J/OL]. J Biophotonics, 2022, 15(11): e202200155[2022-08-18]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36328058/. DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200155.
22.	Choi WJ, Paulson B, Yu S, et al. Mean-subtraction method for de-shadowing of tail artifacts in cerebral octa images: a proof of concept[J/OL]. Materials (Basel), 2020, 13(9): 2024[2020-04-26]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32357466/. DOI: 10.3390/ma13092024.
23.	Li Y, Tang J. Blood vessel tail artifacts suppression in optical coherence tomography angiography[J/OL]. Neurophotonics, 2022, 9(2): 021906[2022-01-24]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35106321/. DOI: 10.1117/1.NPh.9.2.021906.
24.	Zhang Q, Zhang A, Lee CS, et al. Projection artifact removal improves visualization and quantitation of macular neovascularization imaged by optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2017, 1(2): 124-136. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2016.08.005.
25.	Jia Y, Bailey ST, Hwang TS, et al. Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye[J/OL]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2015, 112(18): E2395-2402[2015-05-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25897021/. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500185112.
26.	Jia Y, Bailey ST, Wilson DJ, et al. Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(7): 1435-1444. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.01.034.
27.	Zhang Q, Zhang A, Lee CS, et al. Projection artifact removal improves visualization and quantitation of macular neovascularization imaged by optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2017, 1(2): 124-136. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2016.08.005.
28.	Simoncic U, Milanic M. Tail artifact removal via transmittance effect subtraction in optical coherence tail artifact images[J/OL]. Sensors (Basel), 2023, 23(23): 9312[2023-11-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067685/. DOI: 10.3390/s23239312.
29.	Holmen IC, Konda SM, Pak JW, et al. Prevalence and severity of artifacts in optical coherence tomographic angiograms[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2020, 138(2): 119-126. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.4971.
30.	Kim JJ. Revisiting the removable partial denture[J]. Dent Clin North Am, 2019, 63(2): 263-278. DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2018.11.007.
31.	Lauermann JL, Woetzel AK, Treder M, et al. Prevalences of segmentation errors and motion artifacts in OCT-angiography differ among retinal diseases[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2018, 256(10): 1807-1816. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4053-2.
32.	Lauermann JL, Treder M, Heiduschka P, et al. Impact of eye-tracking technology on OCT-angiography imaging quality in age-related macular degeneration[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2017, 255(8): 1535-1542. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3684-z.
33.	Baghaie A, Yu Z, D'Souza RM. Involuntary eye motion correction in retinal optical coherence tomography: hardware or software solution?[J]. Med Image Anal, 2017, 37: 129-145. DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2017.02.002.
34.	Vienola KV, Braaf B, Sheehy CK, , et al. Real-time eye motion compensation for OCT imaging with tracking SLO[J]. Biomed Opt Express, 2012, 3(11): 2950-2963. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.3.002950.
35.	Camino A, Zhang M, Gao SS, et al. Evaluation of artifact reduction in optical coherence tomography angiography with real-time tracking and motion correction technology[J]. Biomed Opt Express, 2016, 7(10): 3905-3915. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.7.003905.
36.	Braaf B, Vienola KV, Sheehy CK, et al. Real-time eye motion correction in phase-resolved OCT angiography with tracking SLO[J]. Biomed Opt Express, 2013, 4(1): 51-65. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.4.000051.
37.	Ferguson RD, Hammer DX, Paunescu LA, et al. Tracking optical coherence tomography[J]. Opt Lett, 2004, 29(18): 2139-2141. DOI: 10.1364/ol.29.002139.
38.	Zhang Q, Huang Y, Zhang T, et al. Wide-field imaging of retinal vasculature using optical coherence tomography-based microangiography provided by motion tracking[J/OL]. J Biomed Opt, 2015, 20(6): 066008[2015-06-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26102573/. DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.20.6.066008.
39.	Say EAT, Ferenczy S, Magrath GN, et al. Image quality and artifacts on optical coherence tomography angiography: comparison of pathologic and paired fellow eyes in 65 patients with unilateral choroidal melanoma treated with plaque[J]. Retina, 2017, 37(9): 1660-1673. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001414.
40.	Li A, You J, Du C, et al. Automated segmentation and quantification of OCT angiography for tracking angiogenesis progression[J]. Biomed Opt Express, 2017, 8(12): 5604-5616. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.8.005604.
41.	Lauermann JL, Treder M, Alnawaiseh M, et al. Automated OCT angiography image quality assessment using a deep learning algorithm[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2019, 257(8): 1641-1648. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04338-7.
42.	Arya M, Sorour O, Chaudhri J, et al. Distinguishing intraretinal microvascular abnormalities from retinal neovascularization using optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Retina, 2020, 40(9): 1686-1695. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002671.
43.	董文韬, 刘三梅, 李杰, 等. 增生早期糖尿病视网膜病变患者视网膜及视盘新生血管的超广角OCTA与FFA检测结果对比分析[J]. 眼科新进展, 2023, 43(4): 294-297. DOI: 10.13389/j.cnki.rao.2023.0060.Dong WT, Liu SM, Li J, et al. Comparison of the detection of retinal and optic disc neovascularization in patients with early-stage proliferative diabetic retinopathy by ultra-wide op-tical coherence tomography angiography and fundus fluorescein angiography[J]. Rec Adv Ophthalmol, 2023, 43(4): 294-297. DOI: 10.13389/j.cnki.rao.2023.0060.

1. Lang GE, Enders C, Loidl M, et al. Accurate OCT-angiography interpretation-detection and exclusion of artifacts[J]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd, 2017, 234(9): 1109-1118. DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-112857.
2. Lauermann JL, Woetzel AK, Treder M, et al. Prevalences of segmentation errors and motion artifacts in OCT-angiography differ among retinal diseases[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2018, 256(10): 1807-1816. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4053-2.
3. Stefan WH, Robert NW. High resolution imaging in microscopy and ophthalmology[M]//Rocholz R, Corvi F, Weichsel J, et al. OCT angiography in retinal diagnostics. Cham: Springer, 2019: 135-160.
4. Makita S, Hong Y, Yamanari M, et al. Optical coherence angiography[J]. Opt Express, 2006, 14(17): 7821-7840. DOI: 10.1364/oe.14.007821.
5. Spaide RF, Fujimoto JG, Waheed NK. Image artifacts in optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Retina, 2015, 35(11): 2163-2180. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000765.
6. Koutsiaris AG, Batis V, Liakopoulou G, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) of the eye: a review on basic principles, advantages, disadvantages and device specifications[J]. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc, 2023, 83(3): 247-271. DOI: 10.3233/CH-221634.
7. Sambhav K, Grover S, Chalam KV. The application of optical coherence tomography angiography in retinal diseases[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2017, 62(6): 838-866. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.05.006.
8. Spaide RF, Fujimoto JG, Waheed NK. Image artifacts in optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Retina, 2015, 35(11): 2163-2180. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000765.
9. Wang XN, Li S, Cai X, et al. Imaging artifacts and quality evaluation with ultrawide-field swept-source octa in diabetic retinopathy[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2023, 49(4): 410-416. DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2296362.
10. Cui Y, Zhu Y, Wang JC, et al. Imaging artifacts and segmentation errors with wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2019, 8(6): 18[2019-11-15]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31772829/. DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.6.18.
11. Ricco S, Chen M, Ishikawa H, et al. Correcting motion artifacts in retinal spectral domain optical coherence tomography via image registration[J]. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv, 2009, 12(Pt 1): 100-107. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04268-3_13.
12. Hormel TT, Huang D, Jia Y. Artifacts and artifact removal in optical coherence tomographic angiography[J]. Quant Imaging Med Surg, 2021, 11(3): 1120-1133. DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-730.
13. Kolb JP, Klein T, Kufner CL, et al. Ultra-widefield retinal MHz-OCT imaging with up to 100 degrees viewing angle[J]. Biomed Opt Express, 2015, 6(5): 1534-1552. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.6.001534.
14. Guo Y, Hormel TT, Xiong H, et al. Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm for distinguishing the nonperfusion area from signal reduction artifacts on OCT angiography[J]. Biomed Opt Express, 2019, 10(7): 3257-3268. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.10.003257.
15. 董艳娟, 左桂金, 王苏. 老年人瞬目反射的测定和分析[J]. 中华老年医学杂志, 2000, 19(6): 422-424. DOI: 10.3760/j:issn:0254-9026.2000.06.006.Dong YJ, Zuo GZ, Wang S. Measurement and analysis of the blink reflex in the elderly[J]. Chin J Geriatr, 2000, 19(6): 422-424. DOI: 10.3760/j:issn:0254-9026.2000.06.006.
16. 孙晋夫, 余慧敏, 孙旭芳. 光学相干断层扫描血管成像中伪影的研究进展[J]. 眼科新进展, 2021, 41(1): 79-83. DOI: 10.13389/j.cnki.rao.2021.0017.Sun JF, Yu HM, Sun XF. Research progress on artifacts in optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Rec Adv Ophthalmol, 2021, 41(1): 79-83. DOI: 10.13389/j.cnki.rao.2021.0017.
17. Reich M, Boehringer D, Rothaus K, et al. Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography alleviates shadowing artifacts caused by subretinal fluid[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2020, 40(8): 2007-2016. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01376-7.
18. Sakini ASA, Hamid AK, Alkhuzaie ZA, et al. Diabetic macular edema (DME): dissecting pathogenesis, prognostication, diagnostic modalities along with current and futuristic therapeutic insights[J/OL]. Int J Retina Vitreous, 2024, 10(1): 83[2024-10-28]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39468614/. DOI: 10.1186/s40942-024-00603-y.
19. Camino A, Jia Y, Yu J, et al. Automated detection of shadow artifacts in optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Biomed Opt Express, 2019, 10(3): 1514-1531. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.10.001514.
20. Onishi AC, Ashraf M, Soetikno BT, et al. Multilevel ischemia in disorganization of the retinal inner layers on projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(8): 1588-1594. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002179.
21. Zhang W, He B, Wu Y, et al. Tail artifacts removal of three-dimensional optical coherence tomography angiography with common parts extraction method[J/OL]. J Biophotonics, 2022, 15(11): e202200155[2022-08-18]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36328058/. DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200155.
22. Choi WJ, Paulson B, Yu S, et al. Mean-subtraction method for de-shadowing of tail artifacts in cerebral octa images: a proof of concept[J/OL]. Materials (Basel), 2020, 13(9): 2024[2020-04-26]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32357466/. DOI: 10.3390/ma13092024.
23. Li Y, Tang J. Blood vessel tail artifacts suppression in optical coherence tomography angiography[J/OL]. Neurophotonics, 2022, 9(2): 021906[2022-01-24]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35106321/. DOI: 10.1117/1.NPh.9.2.021906.
24. Zhang Q, Zhang A, Lee CS, et al. Projection artifact removal improves visualization and quantitation of macular neovascularization imaged by optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2017, 1(2): 124-136. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2016.08.005.
25. Jia Y, Bailey ST, Hwang TS, et al. Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye[J/OL]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2015, 112(18): E2395-2402[2015-05-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25897021/. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500185112.
26. Jia Y, Bailey ST, Wilson DJ, et al. Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(7): 1435-1444. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.01.034.
27. Zhang Q, Zhang A, Lee CS, et al. Projection artifact removal improves visualization and quantitation of macular neovascularization imaged by optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2017, 1(2): 124-136. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2016.08.005.
28. Simoncic U, Milanic M. Tail artifact removal via transmittance effect subtraction in optical coherence tail artifact images[J/OL]. Sensors (Basel), 2023, 23(23): 9312[2023-11-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067685/. DOI: 10.3390/s23239312.
29. Holmen IC, Konda SM, Pak JW, et al. Prevalence and severity of artifacts in optical coherence tomographic angiograms[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2020, 138(2): 119-126. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.4971.
30. Kim JJ. Revisiting the removable partial denture[J]. Dent Clin North Am, 2019, 63(2): 263-278. DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2018.11.007.
31. Lauermann JL, Woetzel AK, Treder M, et al. Prevalences of segmentation errors and motion artifacts in OCT-angiography differ among retinal diseases[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2018, 256(10): 1807-1816. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4053-2.
32. Lauermann JL, Treder M, Heiduschka P, et al. Impact of eye-tracking technology on OCT-angiography imaging quality in age-related macular degeneration[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2017, 255(8): 1535-1542. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3684-z.
33. Baghaie A, Yu Z, D'Souza RM. Involuntary eye motion correction in retinal optical coherence tomography: hardware or software solution?[J]. Med Image Anal, 2017, 37: 129-145. DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2017.02.002.
34. Vienola KV, Braaf B, Sheehy CK, , et al. Real-time eye motion compensation for OCT imaging with tracking SLO[J]. Biomed Opt Express, 2012, 3(11): 2950-2963. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.3.002950.
35. Camino A, Zhang M, Gao SS, et al. Evaluation of artifact reduction in optical coherence tomography angiography with real-time tracking and motion correction technology[J]. Biomed Opt Express, 2016, 7(10): 3905-3915. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.7.003905.
36. Braaf B, Vienola KV, Sheehy CK, et al. Real-time eye motion correction in phase-resolved OCT angiography with tracking SLO[J]. Biomed Opt Express, 2013, 4(1): 51-65. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.4.000051.
37. Ferguson RD, Hammer DX, Paunescu LA, et al. Tracking optical coherence tomography[J]. Opt Lett, 2004, 29(18): 2139-2141. DOI: 10.1364/ol.29.002139.
38. Zhang Q, Huang Y, Zhang T, et al. Wide-field imaging of retinal vasculature using optical coherence tomography-based microangiography provided by motion tracking[J/OL]. J Biomed Opt, 2015, 20(6): 066008[2015-06-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26102573/. DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.20.6.066008.
39. Say EAT, Ferenczy S, Magrath GN, et al. Image quality and artifacts on optical coherence tomography angiography: comparison of pathologic and paired fellow eyes in 65 patients with unilateral choroidal melanoma treated with plaque[J]. Retina, 2017, 37(9): 1660-1673. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001414.
40. Li A, You J, Du C, et al. Automated segmentation and quantification of OCT angiography for tracking angiogenesis progression[J]. Biomed Opt Express, 2017, 8(12): 5604-5616. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.8.005604.
41. Lauermann JL, Treder M, Alnawaiseh M, et al. Automated OCT angiography image quality assessment using a deep learning algorithm[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2019, 257(8): 1641-1648. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04338-7.
42. Arya M, Sorour O, Chaudhri J, et al. Distinguishing intraretinal microvascular abnormalities from retinal neovascularization using optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Retina, 2020, 40(9): 1686-1695. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002671.
43. 董文韬, 刘三梅, 李杰, 等. 增生早期糖尿病视网膜病变患者视网膜及视盘新生血管的超广角OCTA与FFA检测结果对比分析[J]. 眼科新进展, 2023, 43(4): 294-297. DOI: 10.13389/j.cnki.rao.2023.0060.Dong WT, Liu SM, Li J, et al. Comparison of the detection of retinal and optic disc neovascularization in patients with early-stage proliferative diabetic retinopathy by ultra-wide op-tical coherence tomography angiography and fundus fluorescein angiography[J]. Rec Adv Ophthalmol, 2023, 43(4): 294-297. DOI: 10.13389/j.cnki.rao.2023.0060.

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