Influence analysis of aging of spinal segment on the mechanical behavior of vertebral cortex_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

 LU Yongtao , LIU Yue , WU Chengwei

Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

LU Yongtao, Email: yongtaolu@dlut.edu.cn

Keywords：

finite element analysis; vertebra; aging; cortex strain; strain measurement

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.201608050

Video：

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The risk of vertebral cortical shell fracture increases with aging. However, it remains unclear how aging contributes to cortex fracture at present. The aim of this study is to make understanding of the mechanism of how the spinal aging influences the cortical shell strain. Two finite element (FE) models of spinal segments (mildly and fully aged) were created, and then were compared to the FE models of the healthy spinal segment. The FE models of the aged spinal segments were generated by modifying both the geometry of the intervertebral disc (IVD) and the material properties of the spinal components. To find out under which case the cortical shell strain was influenced more, we created two types of FE model comparison methods: one with changes only in the spinal material properties and the other with changes only in the IVD geometry. The results showed that the cortical shell strains increased with aging and that compared to the changes of IVD geometry, the changes of spinal material property have a higher influence on the cortical shell strains. This study may suggest that for the prevention and treatment of vertebral cortex fracture, the augmentation of the vertebral body is a more effective treatment.

Citation： LU Yongtao, LIU Yue, WU Chengwei. Influence analysis of aging of spinal segment on the mechanical behavior of vertebral cortex. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2017, 34(3): 371-376. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.201608050 Copy

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2.	Cao K D, Grimm M J, Yang K H. Load sharing within a human lumbar vertebral body using the finite element method. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2001, 26(12): E253-E260.
3.	Frobin W, Brinckmann P, Kramer M, et al. Height of lumbar discs measured from radiographs compared with degeneration and height classified from Mr images. Eur Radiol, 2001, 11(2): 263-269.
4.	Adams M A, Mcnally D S, Dolan P. 'Stress' distributions inside intervertebral discs. The effects of age and degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1996, 78(6): 965-972.
5.	Kayanja M M, Ferrara L A, Lieberman I H. Distribution of anterior cortical shear strain after a thoracic wedge compression fracture. Spine J, 2004, 4(1): 76-87.
6.	Polikeit A, Nolte L P, Ferguson S J. Simulated influence of osteoporosis and disc degeneration on the load transfer in a lumbar functional spinal unit. J Biomech, 2004, 37(7): 1061-1069.
7.	Ruberté L M, Natarajan R N, Andersson G B. Influence of single-level lumbar degenerative disc disease on the behavior of the adjacent segments--a finite element model study. J Biomech, 2009, 42(3): 341-348.
8.	Kurutz M, Oroszváry L. Finite element analysis of weightbath hydrotraction treatment of degenerated lumbar spine segments in elastic phase. J Biomech, 2010, 43(3): 433-441.
9.	张健, 樊瑜波. 组合式颈椎段整体三维有限元模型的建立. 四川大学学报: 工程科学版, 2007, 39(2): 72-76.
10.	邓真, 王辉昊, 牛文鑫, 等. 正常人下颈椎 C_(4-7) 节段三维有限元模型的建立与验证. 生物医学工程学杂志, 2016(04): 652-658.
11.	Lu Yongtao, Rosenau E, Paetzold H, et al. Strain changes on the cortical shell of vertebral bodies due to spine ageing: a parametric study using a finite element model evaluated by strain measurements. Proc Inst Mech Eng H, 2013, 227(12): 1265-1274.
12.	Rohlmann A, Zander T, Schmidt H, et al. Analysis of the influence of disc degeneration on the mechanical behaviour of a lumbar motion segment using the finite element method. J Biomech, 2006, 39(13): 2484-2490.
13.	Burstein A H, Reilly D T, Martens m. Aging of bone tissue - mechanical-properties. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1976, 58(1): 82-86.
14.	Lindahl O. Mechanical properties of dried defatted spongy bone. Acta Orthop Scand, 1976, 47(1): 11-19.
15.	Shiraziadl A, Ahmed A M, Shrivastava S C. A finite-element study of a lumbar motion segment subjected to pure sagittal plane moments. J Biomech, 1986, 19(4): 331-350.
16.	Grant J P, Oxland T R, Dvorak M F. Mapping the structural properties of the lumbosacral vertebral endplates. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2001, 26(8): 889-896.
17.	Yamada H, Evans F G. Strength of biological materials. Williams&Wilkins, Baltimore, 1970.
18.	Morgan F R. The mechanical properties of collagen fibres:stress-strain curves. J Soc Leather Trades Chemists , 1960, 44: 170-179.
19.	Périé D, Korda D, Iatridis J C. Confined compression experiments on bovine nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus: sensitivity of the experiment in the determination of compressive modulus and hydraulic permeability. J Biomech, 2005, 38(11): 2164-2171.
20.	Little J S, Khalsa P S. Material properties of the human lumbar facet joint capsule. J Biomech Eng, 2005, 127(1): 15-24.
21.	Elder B D, Vigneswaran K, Athanasiou K A, et al. Biomechanical, biochemical, and histological characterization of canine lumbar facet joint cartilage. J Neurosurg Spine, 2009, 10(6): 623-628.
22.	Benneker L M, Heini P F, Anderson S E, et al. Correlation of radiographic and MRI parameters to morphological and biochemical assessment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Eur Spine J, 2005, 14(1): 27-35.
23.	Iatridis J C, Setton L A, Foster R J, et al. Degeneration affects the anisotropic and nonlinear behaviors of human anulus fibrosus in compression. J Biomech, 1998, 31(6): 535-544.
24.	Ashman R B, Cowin S C, van Buskirk W C, et al. A continuous wave technique for the measurement of the elastic properties of cortical bone. J Biomech, 1984, 17(5): 349-361.
25.	Keaveny T M, Hayes W C. A 20-year perspective on the mechanical properties of trabecular bone. J Biomech Eng, 1993, 115(4B): 534-542.
26.	Wilke H J, Wenger K, Claes L. Testing criteria for spinal implants: recommendations for the standardization of in vitro stability testing of spinal implants. Eur Spine J, 1998, 7(2): 148-154.

1. Rockoff S D, Sweet E, Bleustein J. The relative contribution of trabecular and cortical bone to the strength of human lumbar vertebrae. Calcif Tissue Res, 1969, 3(2): 163-175.
2. Cao K D, Grimm M J, Yang K H. Load sharing within a human lumbar vertebral body using the finite element method. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2001, 26(12): E253-E260.
3. Frobin W, Brinckmann P, Kramer M, et al. Height of lumbar discs measured from radiographs compared with degeneration and height classified from Mr images. Eur Radiol, 2001, 11(2): 263-269.
4. Adams M A, Mcnally D S, Dolan P. 'Stress' distributions inside intervertebral discs. The effects of age and degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1996, 78(6): 965-972.
5. Kayanja M M, Ferrara L A, Lieberman I H. Distribution of anterior cortical shear strain after a thoracic wedge compression fracture. Spine J, 2004, 4(1): 76-87.
6. Polikeit A, Nolte L P, Ferguson S J. Simulated influence of osteoporosis and disc degeneration on the load transfer in a lumbar functional spinal unit. J Biomech, 2004, 37(7): 1061-1069.
7. Ruberté L M, Natarajan R N, Andersson G B. Influence of single-level lumbar degenerative disc disease on the behavior of the adjacent segments--a finite element model study. J Biomech, 2009, 42(3): 341-348.
8. Kurutz M, Oroszváry L. Finite element analysis of weightbath hydrotraction treatment of degenerated lumbar spine segments in elastic phase. J Biomech, 2010, 43(3): 433-441.
9. 张健, 樊瑜波. 组合式颈椎段整体三维有限元模型的建立. 四川大学学报: 工程科学版, 2007, 39(2): 72-76.
10. 邓真, 王辉昊, 牛文鑫, 等. 正常人下颈椎 C_(4-7) 节段三维有限元模型的建立与验证. 生物医学工程学杂志, 2016(04): 652-658.
11. Lu Yongtao, Rosenau E, Paetzold H, et al. Strain changes on the cortical shell of vertebral bodies due to spine ageing: a parametric study using a finite element model evaluated by strain measurements. Proc Inst Mech Eng H, 2013, 227(12): 1265-1274.
12. Rohlmann A, Zander T, Schmidt H, et al. Analysis of the influence of disc degeneration on the mechanical behaviour of a lumbar motion segment using the finite element method. J Biomech, 2006, 39(13): 2484-2490.
13. Burstein A H, Reilly D T, Martens m. Aging of bone tissue - mechanical-properties. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1976, 58(1): 82-86.
14. Lindahl O. Mechanical properties of dried defatted spongy bone. Acta Orthop Scand, 1976, 47(1): 11-19.
15. Shiraziadl A, Ahmed A M, Shrivastava S C. A finite-element study of a lumbar motion segment subjected to pure sagittal plane moments. J Biomech, 1986, 19(4): 331-350.
16. Grant J P, Oxland T R, Dvorak M F. Mapping the structural properties of the lumbosacral vertebral endplates. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2001, 26(8): 889-896.
17. Yamada H, Evans F G. Strength of biological materials. Williams&Wilkins, Baltimore, 1970.
18. Morgan F R. The mechanical properties of collagen fibres:stress-strain curves. J Soc Leather Trades Chemists , 1960, 44: 170-179.
19. Périé D, Korda D, Iatridis J C. Confined compression experiments on bovine nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus: sensitivity of the experiment in the determination of compressive modulus and hydraulic permeability. J Biomech, 2005, 38(11): 2164-2171.
20. Little J S, Khalsa P S. Material properties of the human lumbar facet joint capsule. J Biomech Eng, 2005, 127(1): 15-24.
21. Elder B D, Vigneswaran K, Athanasiou K A, et al. Biomechanical, biochemical, and histological characterization of canine lumbar facet joint cartilage. J Neurosurg Spine, 2009, 10(6): 623-628.
22. Benneker L M, Heini P F, Anderson S E, et al. Correlation of radiographic and MRI parameters to morphological and biochemical assessment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Eur Spine J, 2005, 14(1): 27-35.
23. Iatridis J C, Setton L A, Foster R J, et al. Degeneration affects the anisotropic and nonlinear behaviors of human anulus fibrosus in compression. J Biomech, 1998, 31(6): 535-544.
24. Ashman R B, Cowin S C, van Buskirk W C, et al. A continuous wave technique for the measurement of the elastic properties of cortical bone. J Biomech, 1984, 17(5): 349-361.
25. Keaveny T M, Hayes W C. A 20-year perspective on the mechanical properties of trabecular bone. J Biomech Eng, 1993, 115(4B): 534-542.
26. Wilke H J, Wenger K, Claes L. Testing criteria for spinal implants: recommendations for the standardization of in vitro stability testing of spinal implants. Eur Spine J, 1998, 7(2): 148-154.

Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Influence analysis of aging of spinal segment on the mechanical behavior of vertebral cortex

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