Role of cytoskeleton in autophagy_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

YAN Zhiping , ZENG Ye , SHEN Yang ,  LIU Xiaoheng

Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West china school of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

Keywords：

autophagy; cytoskeleton; microtubule; actin; myosin

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.201706012

Video：

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Cell autophagy plays a key role in maintaining intracellular nutritional homeostasis during starvation through elimination of aberrant or obsolete cellular structures. The cellular cytoskeleton has a crucial role in multiple processes involving membrane rearrangements and vesicle-mediated events. Autophagy is mediated by both microtubules and actin networks: microtubules promote the synthesis of autophagosome and are related to the movement of autophagosome; actin networks have been implicated in structurally supporting the expanding of phagophore, moving autophagosomes and enabling their efficient fusion with the lysosome; non-muscle myosinⅡoperates in the early stages of autophagy during the initiation and expansion of the phagophore, whereas myosinⅥ and myosin 1C are involved in the late stages of autophagosome maturation and fusion with the lysosome, respectively. This review summarizes the multiple regulation of cytoskeleton on autophagy and focuses on the regulation of autophagy by actin and myosin, providing a new approach for the study of pathogenesis and innovative therapies of autophagy related diseases.

Citation： YAN Zhiping, ZENG Ye, SHEN Yang, LIU Xiaoheng. Role of cytoskeleton in autophagy. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2018, 35(1): 156-160. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.201706012 Copy

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8.	Wang Pengwei, Hussey P J. Interactions between plant endomembrane systems and the actin cytoskeleton. Front Plant Sci, 2015, 6: 422.
9.	Behar S M, Baehrecke E H. Autophagy is not the answer. Nature, 2015, 528(7583): 482-483.
10.	Pietrocola F, Pol J, Vacchelli E, et al. Autophagy induction for the treatment of cancer. Autophagy, 2016, 12(10): 1962-1964.
11.	Chandra P, Kumar D. Selective autophagy gets more selective: Uncoupling of autophagy flux and xenophagy flux in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages. Autophagy, 2016, 12(3): 608-609.
12.	Zaffagnini G, Martens S. Mechanisms of selective autophagy. J Mol Biol, 2016, 428(9 Pt A): 1714-1724.
13.	Simpson C L, Rompolas P, Holzbaur E L. The selective autophagy receptor NIX is up-regulated during epidermal keratinocyte differentiation and functions to recruit LC3 to mitochondria to induce mitophagy Mol Biol Cell, 2016, 27: P2156.
14.	Köchl R, Hu Xiaowen, Chan E Y, et al. Microtubules facilitate autophagosome formation and fusion of autophagosomes with endosomes. Traffic, 2006, 7(2): 129-145.
15.	Fass E, Shvets E, Degani I, et al. Microtubules support production of starvation-induced autophagosomes but not their targeting and fusion with lysosomes. J Biol Chem, 2006, 281(47): 36303-36316.
16.	Jahreiss L, Menzies F M, Rubinsztein D C. The itinerary of autophagosomes: from peripheral formation to kiss-and-run fusion with lysosomes. Traffic, 2008, 9(4): 574-587.
17.	Xu Ming, Li Xiaoxue, Chen Yang, et al. Enhancement of dynein-mediated autophagosome trafficking and autophagy maturation by ROS in mouse coronary arterial myocytes. J Cell Mol Med, 2014, 18(11): 2165-2175.
18.	Calì T, Galli C, Olivari S, et al. Segregation and rapid turnover of EDEM1 by an autophagy-like mechanism modulates standard ERAD and folding activities. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2008, 371(3): 405-410.
19.	Kast D J, Dominguez R. WHAMM links actin assembly via the Arp2/3 complex to autophagy. Autophagy, 2015, 11(9): 1702-1704.
20.	Holland P, Simonsen A. Actin shapes the autophagosome. Nat Cell Biol, 2015, 17(9): 1094-1096.
21.	Mi Na, Chen Yang, Wang Shuai, et al. CapZ regulates autophagosomal membrane shaping by promoting actin assembly inside the isolation membrane. Nat Cell Biol, 2015, 17(9): 1112-1123.
22.	Kruppa A J, Kendrick-Jones J, Myosins B F. Actin and autophagy. Traffic, 2016, 17(8SI): 878-890.
23.	Tumbarello D A, Manna P T, Allen M, et al. Correction: the autophagy receptor TAX1BP1 and the molecular motor myosin VI are required for clearance of salmonella typhimurium by autophagy. PLoS Pathog, 2016, 12(1): e1005433.
24.	Zhong Zhenyu, Sanchez-Lopez E, Karin M. Autophagy, inflammation, and immunity: a troika governing cancer and its treatment. Cell, 2016, 166(2): 288-298.
25.	Bondzie P A, Chen Huia, Cao Meizhen, et al. Non-muscle myosin-IIA is critical for podocyte f-actin organization, contractility, and attenuation of cell motility. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken), 2016, 73(8): 377-395.
26.	Wong E Y M, Xu C Y, Brahmachary M, et al. A novel ENU-Induced mutation in Myo6 causes vestibular dysfunction and deafness. PLoS One, 2016, 11(5): e0154984.

1. Iida T, Onodera K, Nakase H. Role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2017, 23(11): 1944-1953.
2. Moscat J, Karin M, Diaz-Meco M T. p62 in cancer: signaling adaptor beyond autophagy. Cell, 2016, 167(3): 606-609.
3. Sala G, Marinig D, Arosio A, et al. Role of Chaperone-Mediated autophagy dysfunctions in the pathogenesis of parkinson's disease. Front Mol Neurosci, 2016, 9: 157.
4. Pedro J M B, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Autophagy and mitophagy in cardiovascular disease. Circ Res, 2017, 120(11): 1812-1824.
5. Awuh J A, Flo T H. Molecular basis of mycobacterial survival in macrophages. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2017, 74(9): 1625-1648.
6. Perera R M, Stoykova S, Nicolay B N, et al. Transcriptional control of autophagy-lysosome function drives pancreatic cancer metabolism. Nature, 2015, 524(7565): 361-365.
7. Hansen M D, Johnsen I B, Stiberg K A, et al. Hepatitis C virus triggers Golgi fragmentation and autophagy through the immunity-related GTPase M. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2017, 114(17): E3462-E3471.
8. Wang Pengwei, Hussey P J. Interactions between plant endomembrane systems and the actin cytoskeleton. Front Plant Sci, 2015, 6: 422.
9. Behar S M, Baehrecke E H. Autophagy is not the answer. Nature, 2015, 528(7583): 482-483.
10. Pietrocola F, Pol J, Vacchelli E, et al. Autophagy induction for the treatment of cancer. Autophagy, 2016, 12(10): 1962-1964.
11. Chandra P, Kumar D. Selective autophagy gets more selective: Uncoupling of autophagy flux and xenophagy flux in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages. Autophagy, 2016, 12(3): 608-609.
12. Zaffagnini G, Martens S. Mechanisms of selective autophagy. J Mol Biol, 2016, 428(9 Pt A): 1714-1724.
13. Simpson C L, Rompolas P, Holzbaur E L. The selective autophagy receptor NIX is up-regulated during epidermal keratinocyte differentiation and functions to recruit LC3 to mitochondria to induce mitophagy Mol Biol Cell, 2016, 27: P2156.
14. Köchl R, Hu Xiaowen, Chan E Y, et al. Microtubules facilitate autophagosome formation and fusion of autophagosomes with endosomes. Traffic, 2006, 7(2): 129-145.
15. Fass E, Shvets E, Degani I, et al. Microtubules support production of starvation-induced autophagosomes but not their targeting and fusion with lysosomes. J Biol Chem, 2006, 281(47): 36303-36316.
16. Jahreiss L, Menzies F M, Rubinsztein D C. The itinerary of autophagosomes: from peripheral formation to kiss-and-run fusion with lysosomes. Traffic, 2008, 9(4): 574-587.
17. Xu Ming, Li Xiaoxue, Chen Yang, et al. Enhancement of dynein-mediated autophagosome trafficking and autophagy maturation by ROS in mouse coronary arterial myocytes. J Cell Mol Med, 2014, 18(11): 2165-2175.
18. Calì T, Galli C, Olivari S, et al. Segregation and rapid turnover of EDEM1 by an autophagy-like mechanism modulates standard ERAD and folding activities. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2008, 371(3): 405-410.
19. Kast D J, Dominguez R. WHAMM links actin assembly via the Arp2/3 complex to autophagy. Autophagy, 2015, 11(9): 1702-1704.
20. Holland P, Simonsen A. Actin shapes the autophagosome. Nat Cell Biol, 2015, 17(9): 1094-1096.
21. Mi Na, Chen Yang, Wang Shuai, et al. CapZ regulates autophagosomal membrane shaping by promoting actin assembly inside the isolation membrane. Nat Cell Biol, 2015, 17(9): 1112-1123.
22. Kruppa A J, Kendrick-Jones J, Myosins B F. Actin and autophagy. Traffic, 2016, 17(8SI): 878-890.
23. Tumbarello D A, Manna P T, Allen M, et al. Correction: the autophagy receptor TAX1BP1 and the molecular motor myosin VI are required for clearance of salmonella typhimurium by autophagy. PLoS Pathog, 2016, 12(1): e1005433.
24. Zhong Zhenyu, Sanchez-Lopez E, Karin M. Autophagy, inflammation, and immunity: a troika governing cancer and its treatment. Cell, 2016, 166(2): 288-298.
25. Bondzie P A, Chen Huia, Cao Meizhen, et al. Non-muscle myosin-IIA is critical for podocyte f-actin organization, contractility, and attenuation of cell motility. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken), 2016, 73(8): 377-395.
26. Wong E Y M, Xu C Y, Brahmachary M, et al. A novel ENU-Induced mutation in Myo6 causes vestibular dysfunction and deafness. PLoS One, 2016, 11(5): e0154984.

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