Effects of intravenous drug abuse on peripheral vascular disease_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

ZENG Xiangyu ¹ ,  JI Bo ²

1. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China;
2. Department of Peripheral Vascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

JI Bo, Email: jiand911@sina.com

Keywords：

Intravenous drug abuse; Peripheral vascular; Deep vein thrombosis; Atherosclerosis

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.201910018

Video：

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The way of intravenous drug abuse is to puncture the peripheral blood vessels and inject the drug directly into the blood. Therefore, this method has an impact on the peripheral artery and venous system of the users, and can cause a variety of peripheral vascular diseases, such as phlebitis, deep vein thrombosis, chronic venous insufficiency, phlebangioma, atherosclerosis, acute arterial ischemia, pseudoaneurysm, etc. However, due to the particularity of drug abusers, the vascular complications caused by intravenous drug abuse have not attracted enough attention. This paper reviewed the types and pathogenesis of peripheral vascular diseases caused by intravenous drug abuse, so as to improve the clinical understanding of peripheral vascular diseases caused by intravenous drug abuse, improve the prognosis of patients, reduce occupational exposure of medical staff, and play a certain role in social warning.

Citation： ZENG Xiangyu, JI Bo. Effects of intravenous drug abuse on peripheral vascular disease. West China Medical Journal, 2021, 36(8): 1148-1152. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201910018 Copy

1.	Kwiatkowska W, Knysz B, Gąsiorowski J, et al. Deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs in intravenous drug users. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online), 2015, 69: 510-520.
2.	D’Ovidio C, Vellante P, Costantini S, et al. Death due to an unrecognized groin abscess in a drug addict: a retrospective study. J Forensic Leg Med, 2013, 20(5): 382-386.
3.	陶艳玲, 周春兰. 静脉留置针相关静脉炎的危险因素研究进展. 护理学杂志, 2014, 29(20): 89-92.
4.	李利华, 冯忠堂, 刑豫明, 等. 20 例海洛因成瘾死亡者组织病理变化观察. 昆明医学院学报, 2001, 22(1): 1-4.
5.	Kunis CL, Ward HJ, Appel GB. Illicit drug abuse//de Broe ME, Porter GA, Bennett WM, et al. Clinical Nephrotoxins. Dordrecht: Springer, 2003: 383-402.
6.	陈永华, 王爱民, 孙红振, 等. 注射毒品致四肢血管损伤的救治. 创伤外科杂志, 2007, 9(4): 331-333.
7.	李耀烨. 静脉吸毒的艾滋病病人下肢血管病变彩色多普勒超声检查的表现. 中国艾滋病性病, 2012, 18(10): 685-686, 708.
8.	McColl MD, Tait RC, Greer IA, et al. Injecting drug use is a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis in women in Glasgow. Br J Haematol, 2001, 112(3): 641-643.
9.	Miller JD, Pegelow DF, Jacques AJ, et al. Skeletal muscle pump versus respiratory muscle pump: modulation of venous return from the locomotor limb in humans. J Physiol, 2005, 563(Pt 3): 925-943.
10.	Antonova N, Zvetkova E, Ivanov I, et al. Hemorheological changes and characteristic parameters derived from whole blood viscometry in chronic heroin addicts. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc, 2008, 39(1/2/3/4): 53-61.
11.	查显友, 周燕, 王莲娥. 海洛因依赖者血液流变学及血脂变化的研究. 中国药物滥用防治杂志, 2012, 18(1): 14-16.
12.	Siegel AJ, Sholar MB, Mendelson JH, et al. Cocaine-induced erythrocytosis and increase in von Willebrand factor: evidence for drug-related blood doping and prothrombotic effects. Arch Intern Med, 1999, 159(16): 1925-1929.
13.	邹林汝, 谭开彬, 高云华, 等. 静脉瘀滞指数对关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓风险的评估. 中国超声医学杂志, 2015, 31(11): 1032-1034.
14.	徐菁菁. 超声在海洛因滥用者下肢静脉和左心室心肌收缩功能中的应用价值. 合肥: 安徽医科大学, 2018.
15.	Galante A, De Luca A, Pietroiusti A, et al. Effects of opiates on blood rheology. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 1994, 32(4): 411-417.
16.	Ceriello A, Dello Russo P, Curcio F, et al. Depressed antithrombin Ⅲ biological activity in opiate addicts. J Clin Pathol, 1984, 37(9): 1040-1042.
17.	张丽梅. 海洛因依赖者凝血与抗凝指标的表达水平及意义. 中国民康医学, 2019, 31(3): 77-78.
18.	Moliterno DJ, Lange RA, Gerard RD, et al. Influence of intranasal cocaine on plasma constituents associated with endogenous thrombosis and thrombolysis. Am J Med, 1994, 96(6): 492-496.
19.	胡杰, 杨洁, 孙脊峰. 膜性肾病凝血紊乱机制及治疗进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2019, 44(3): 266-270.
20.	Klein SK, Slim EJ, de Kruif MD, et al. Is chronic HIV infection associated with venous thrombotic disease? A sytematic review. Neth J Med, 2005, 63(4): 129-136.
21.	Pieper B, Templin T. Chronic venous insufficiency in persons with a history of injection drug use. Res Nurs Health, 2001, 24(5): 423-432.
22.	Pieper B, Templin TN, Kirsner RS, et al. Impact of injection drug use on distribution and severity of chronic venous disorders. Wound Repair Regen, 2009, 17(4): 485-491.
23.	中华医学会外科学分会血管外科学组. 慢性下肢静脉疾病诊断与治疗中国专家共识. 中国血管外科杂志(电子版), 2014, 6(3): 143-151.
24.	Pieper BA, Templin T, Ebright JR. Ankle mobility in relation to chronic venous insufficiency in HIV-positive persons with and without a history of injection drug use. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care, 2006, 17(4): 30-38.
25.	Marković M, Dragaš M, Koncar I, et al. Secondary venous aneurysm following intravenous drug abuse: a case report. Vojnosanit Pregl, 2016, 73(5): 500-503.
26.	Johnson JE, Lucas CE, Ledgerwood AM, et al. Infected venous pseudoaneurysm. A complication of drug addiction. Arch Surg, 1984, 119(9): 1097-1098.
27.	Yeager RA, Hobson RW 2nd, Padberg FT, et al. Vascular complications related to drug abuse. J Trauma, 1987, 27(3): 305-308.
28.	陈熤, 李剑, 施海明. 血小板与动脉粥样硬化. 国际心血管病杂志, 2011, 38(3): 141-144.
29.	林艾雯, 陈竹君. 动脉粥样硬化与内皮细胞损伤机制的研究进展. 岭南心血管病杂志, 2015, 21(4): 580-582.
30.	项荣, 郭红山, 孙开琪. 血小板: 动脉粥样硬化的诱导者和推动者. 中国细胞生物学学报, 2010, 32(5): 777-780.
31.	Pradhan L, Mondal D, Chandra S, et al. Molecular analysis of cocaine-induced endothelial dysfunction: role of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide. Cardiovasc Toxicol, 2008, 8(4): 161-171.
32.	Batista A, Macedo T, Tavares P, et al. Nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthase expression in platelets from heroin abusers before and after ultrarapid detoxification. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2002, 965: 479-486.
33.	邵伟, 黄维军, 黄松带, 等. 海洛因对人体血管内皮舒张功能影响的临床研究. 中国医学创新, 2010, 7(21): 29-31.
34.	Sáez CG, Olivares P, Pallavicini J, et al. Increased number of circulating endothelial cells and plasma markers of endothelial damage in chronic cocaine users. Thromb Res, 2011, 128(4): e18-e23.
35.	张静, 朱军红, 周晓亮. 海洛因依赖者外周血细胞变化分析. 中国药物依赖性杂志, 2010, 19(5): 376-378.
36.	朱成全, 李锐, 周莉玲, 等. 海洛因依赖者血小板膜粘附分子表达的变化及 L-精胺酸/cGMP 体外作用. 中国药物滥用防治杂志, 2002(2): 10-12.
37.	朱成全, 戴京萍, 向仕平, 等. 舒通安胶囊对海洛因依赖者血小板膜黏附分子表达的影响. 广东医学, 2007, 28(1): 149-151.
38.	方水晶, 张慧华, 张慧. 男性吸毒者血小板聚集和 vWF 水平测定及主要影响因素探讨. 实用预防医学, 2015, 22(11): 1329-1331, 1354.
39.	Zvetkova E, Antonova N, Ivanov I, et al. Platelet morphological, functional and rheological properties attributable to addictions. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc, 2010, 45(2/3/4): 245-251.
40.	Kugelmass AD, Oda A, Monahan K, et al. Activation of human platelets by cocaine. Circulation, 1993, 88(3): 876-883.
41.	Bachi K, Mani V, Jeyachandran D, et al. Vascular disease in cocaine addiction. Atherosclerosis, 2017, 262: 154-162.
42.	Klabacha ME, Miller SH, Pav JM, et al. Inadvertent intraradial arterial injection of cocaine. Ann Plast Surg, 1984, 13(1): 60-62.
43.	Fiddes R, Khattab M, Abu Dakka MA, et al. Patterns and management of vascular injuries in intravenous drug users: a literature review. Surgeon, 2010, 8(6): 353-361.
44.	Salmon AM, Dwyer R, Jauncey M, et al. Injecting-related injury and disease among clients of a supervised injecting facility. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2009, 101(1/2): 132-136.
45.	Hilbig A, Cheng A. Infective endocarditis in the intravenous drug use population at a tertiary hospital in Melbourne, Australia. Heart, Lung and Circulation, 2020, 29(2): 246-253.
46.	2018 年中国毒品形势报告发布禁毒态势总体趋好面临形势依然复杂. 上海化工, 2019, 44(7): 45.

1. Kwiatkowska W, Knysz B, Gąsiorowski J, et al. Deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs in intravenous drug users. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online), 2015, 69: 510-520.
2. D’Ovidio C, Vellante P, Costantini S, et al. Death due to an unrecognized groin abscess in a drug addict: a retrospective study. J Forensic Leg Med, 2013, 20(5): 382-386.
3. 陶艳玲, 周春兰. 静脉留置针相关静脉炎的危险因素研究进展. 护理学杂志, 2014, 29(20): 89-92.
4. 李利华, 冯忠堂, 刑豫明, 等. 20 例海洛因成瘾死亡者组织病理变化观察. 昆明医学院学报, 2001, 22(1): 1-4.
5. Kunis CL, Ward HJ, Appel GB. Illicit drug abuse//de Broe ME, Porter GA, Bennett WM, et al. Clinical Nephrotoxins. Dordrecht: Springer, 2003: 383-402.
6. 陈永华, 王爱民, 孙红振, 等. 注射毒品致四肢血管损伤的救治. 创伤外科杂志, 2007, 9(4): 331-333.
7. 李耀烨. 静脉吸毒的艾滋病病人下肢血管病变彩色多普勒超声检查的表现. 中国艾滋病性病, 2012, 18(10): 685-686, 708.
8. McColl MD, Tait RC, Greer IA, et al. Injecting drug use is a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis in women in Glasgow. Br J Haematol, 2001, 112(3): 641-643.
9. Miller JD, Pegelow DF, Jacques AJ, et al. Skeletal muscle pump versus respiratory muscle pump: modulation of venous return from the locomotor limb in humans. J Physiol, 2005, 563(Pt 3): 925-943.
10. Antonova N, Zvetkova E, Ivanov I, et al. Hemorheological changes and characteristic parameters derived from whole blood viscometry in chronic heroin addicts. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc, 2008, 39(1/2/3/4): 53-61.
11. 查显友, 周燕, 王莲娥. 海洛因依赖者血液流变学及血脂变化的研究. 中国药物滥用防治杂志, 2012, 18(1): 14-16.
12. Siegel AJ, Sholar MB, Mendelson JH, et al. Cocaine-induced erythrocytosis and increase in von Willebrand factor: evidence for drug-related blood doping and prothrombotic effects. Arch Intern Med, 1999, 159(16): 1925-1929.
13. 邹林汝, 谭开彬, 高云华, 等. 静脉瘀滞指数对关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓风险的评估. 中国超声医学杂志, 2015, 31(11): 1032-1034.
14. 徐菁菁. 超声在海洛因滥用者下肢静脉和左心室心肌收缩功能中的应用价值. 合肥: 安徽医科大学, 2018.
15. Galante A, De Luca A, Pietroiusti A, et al. Effects of opiates on blood rheology. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 1994, 32(4): 411-417.
16. Ceriello A, Dello Russo P, Curcio F, et al. Depressed antithrombin Ⅲ biological activity in opiate addicts. J Clin Pathol, 1984, 37(9): 1040-1042.
17. 张丽梅. 海洛因依赖者凝血与抗凝指标的表达水平及意义. 中国民康医学, 2019, 31(3): 77-78.
18. Moliterno DJ, Lange RA, Gerard RD, et al. Influence of intranasal cocaine on plasma constituents associated with endogenous thrombosis and thrombolysis. Am J Med, 1994, 96(6): 492-496.
19. 胡杰, 杨洁, 孙脊峰. 膜性肾病凝血紊乱机制及治疗进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2019, 44(3): 266-270.
20. Klein SK, Slim EJ, de Kruif MD, et al. Is chronic HIV infection associated with venous thrombotic disease? A sytematic review. Neth J Med, 2005, 63(4): 129-136.
21. Pieper B, Templin T. Chronic venous insufficiency in persons with a history of injection drug use. Res Nurs Health, 2001, 24(5): 423-432.
22. Pieper B, Templin TN, Kirsner RS, et al. Impact of injection drug use on distribution and severity of chronic venous disorders. Wound Repair Regen, 2009, 17(4): 485-491.
23. 中华医学会外科学分会血管外科学组. 慢性下肢静脉疾病诊断与治疗中国专家共识. 中国血管外科杂志(电子版), 2014, 6(3): 143-151.
24. Pieper BA, Templin T, Ebright JR. Ankle mobility in relation to chronic venous insufficiency in HIV-positive persons with and without a history of injection drug use. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care, 2006, 17(4): 30-38.
25. Marković M, Dragaš M, Koncar I, et al. Secondary venous aneurysm following intravenous drug abuse: a case report. Vojnosanit Pregl, 2016, 73(5): 500-503.
26. Johnson JE, Lucas CE, Ledgerwood AM, et al. Infected venous pseudoaneurysm. A complication of drug addiction. Arch Surg, 1984, 119(9): 1097-1098.
27. Yeager RA, Hobson RW 2nd, Padberg FT, et al. Vascular complications related to drug abuse. J Trauma, 1987, 27(3): 305-308.
28. 陈熤, 李剑, 施海明. 血小板与动脉粥样硬化. 国际心血管病杂志, 2011, 38(3): 141-144.
29. 林艾雯, 陈竹君. 动脉粥样硬化与内皮细胞损伤机制的研究进展. 岭南心血管病杂志, 2015, 21(4): 580-582.
30. 项荣, 郭红山, 孙开琪. 血小板: 动脉粥样硬化的诱导者和推动者. 中国细胞生物学学报, 2010, 32(5): 777-780.
31. Pradhan L, Mondal D, Chandra S, et al. Molecular analysis of cocaine-induced endothelial dysfunction: role of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide. Cardiovasc Toxicol, 2008, 8(4): 161-171.
32. Batista A, Macedo T, Tavares P, et al. Nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthase expression in platelets from heroin abusers before and after ultrarapid detoxification. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2002, 965: 479-486.
33. 邵伟, 黄维军, 黄松带, 等. 海洛因对人体血管内皮舒张功能影响的临床研究. 中国医学创新, 2010, 7(21): 29-31.
34. Sáez CG, Olivares P, Pallavicini J, et al. Increased number of circulating endothelial cells and plasma markers of endothelial damage in chronic cocaine users. Thromb Res, 2011, 128(4): e18-e23.
35. 张静, 朱军红, 周晓亮. 海洛因依赖者外周血细胞变化分析. 中国药物依赖性杂志, 2010, 19(5): 376-378.
36. 朱成全, 李锐, 周莉玲, 等. 海洛因依赖者血小板膜粘附分子表达的变化及 L-精胺酸/cGMP 体外作用. 中国药物滥用防治杂志, 2002(2): 10-12.
37. 朱成全, 戴京萍, 向仕平, 等. 舒通安胶囊对海洛因依赖者血小板膜黏附分子表达的影响. 广东医学, 2007, 28(1): 149-151.
38. 方水晶, 张慧华, 张慧. 男性吸毒者血小板聚集和 vWF 水平测定及主要影响因素探讨. 实用预防医学, 2015, 22(11): 1329-1331, 1354.
39. Zvetkova E, Antonova N, Ivanov I, et al. Platelet morphological, functional and rheological properties attributable to addictions. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc, 2010, 45(2/3/4): 245-251.
40. Kugelmass AD, Oda A, Monahan K, et al. Activation of human platelets by cocaine. Circulation, 1993, 88(3): 876-883.
41. Bachi K, Mani V, Jeyachandran D, et al. Vascular disease in cocaine addiction. Atherosclerosis, 2017, 262: 154-162.
42. Klabacha ME, Miller SH, Pav JM, et al. Inadvertent intraradial arterial injection of cocaine. Ann Plast Surg, 1984, 13(1): 60-62.
43. Fiddes R, Khattab M, Abu Dakka MA, et al. Patterns and management of vascular injuries in intravenous drug users: a literature review. Surgeon, 2010, 8(6): 353-361.
44. Salmon AM, Dwyer R, Jauncey M, et al. Injecting-related injury and disease among clients of a supervised injecting facility. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2009, 101(1/2): 132-136.
45. Hilbig A, Cheng A. Infective endocarditis in the intravenous drug use population at a tertiary hospital in Melbourne, Australia. Heart, Lung and Circulation, 2020, 29(2): 246-253.
46. 2018 年中国毒品形势报告发布禁毒态势总体趋好面临形势依然复杂. 上海化工, 2019, 44(7): 45.

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