Application progress of pain neuroscience education in pain rehabilitation therapy_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

ZHENG Kun ^1,2,3 , YANG Haolun ^1,2 , ZHANG Xueguang ⁴ , JIA Chengsen ^1,2,3 ,  ZHANG Liming ^1,2

1. Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;
2. Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;
3. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610200, P. R. China;
4. Department of Pain Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

ZHANG Liming, Email: 451597870@qq.com

Keywords：

Pain; pain neuroscience education; rehabilitation therapy; pain education; pain management

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202411074

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Pain education based on biomedical models is currently a common approach to patient pain management. However, due to its inability to accurately explain pain, patients may develop incorrect beliefs and understandings about pain, leading to anxiety and fear of movement. Pain neuroscience education is based on a biological psychological social educational model, aiming to redefine the concept of pain. It has a positive effect on pain, catastrophizing, anxiety, and fear of movement, and is a reliable new method for pain rehabilitation therapy and management. This article provides a review of the concept, implementation principles, implementation methods, dosage factors, combination therapy, and clinical application of pain neuroscience education, in order to provide ideas for the rehabilitation therapy of pain.

Citation： ZHENG Kun, YANG Haolun, ZHANG Xueguang, JIA Chengsen, ZHANG Liming. Application progress of pain neuroscience education in pain rehabilitation therapy. West China Medical Journal, 2025, 40(6): 990-996. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202411074 Copy

1.	Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, et al. The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain, 2020, 161(9): 1976-1982.
2.	Lin I, Wiles L, Waller R, et al. What does best practice care for musculoskeletal pain look like? Eleven consistent recommendations from high-quality clinical practice guidelines: systematic review. Br J Sports Med, 2020, 54(2): 79-86.
3.	Louw A, Puentedura EL, Zimney K. Teaching patients about pain: it works, but what should we call it?. Physiother Theory Pract, 2016, 32(5): 328-331.
4.	Gifford LS, Butler DS. The integration of pain sciences into clinical practice. J Hand Ther, 1997, 10(2): 86-95.
5.	Van Oosterwijck J, Nijs J, Meeus M, et al. Pain neurophysiology education improves cognitions, pain thresholds, and movement performance in people with chronic whiplash: a pilot study. J Rehabil Res Dev, 2011, 48(1): 43-58.
6.	Malfliet A, Leysen L, Pas R, et al. Modern pain neuroscience in clinical practice: applied to post-cancer, paediatric and sports-related pain. Braz J Phys Ther, 2017, 21(4): 225-232.
7.	Ziegler AM, Minkalis AL, Langdon ER, et al. Learning the neurobiology of pain: a scoping review of pain education from an instructional design perspective. Patient Educ Couns, 2022, 105(6): 1379-1401.
8.	Watson JA, Ryan CG, Cooper L, et al. Pain neuroscience education for adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a mixed-methods systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain, 2019, 20(10): 1140.e1-1140.e22.
9.	Salazar-Méndez J, Cuyul-Vásquez I, Ponce-Fuentes F, et al. Pain neuroscience education for patients with chronic pain: a scoping review from teaching-learning strategies, educational level, and cultural perspective. Patient Educ Couns, 2024, 123: 108201.
10.	Louw A, Zimney K, Puentedura EJ, et al. The efficacy of pain neuroscience education on musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review of the literature. Physiother Theory Pract, 2016, 32(5): 332-355.
11.	Louw A, Sluka KA, Nijs J, et al. Revisiting the provision of pain neuroscience education: an adjunct intervention for patients but a primary focus of clinician education. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 2021, 51(2): 57-59.
12.	Alcon C, Margerison S, Kirse H, et al. The effect of combining transcranial direct current stimulation and pain neuroscience education in patients with chronic low back pain and high pain catastrophizing: an exploratory clinical, cognitive, and fMRI study. Brain Behav, 2025, 15(5): e70543.
13.	Alcon C, Zoch C, Luetkenhaus R, et al. Combined transcranial direct current stimulation and pain neuroscience education for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Pain Med, 2025, 26(2): 90-97.
14.	Barone M, Imaz F, Bordachar D, et al. Effect of pain neuroscience education and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia. A case report. Physiother Theory Pract, 2022, 38(11): 1813-1822.
15.	Louw A, Nijs J, Puentedura EJ. A clinical perspective on a pain neuroscience education approach to manual therapy. J Man Manip Ther, 2017, 25(3): 160-168.
16.	Locher H. Manual medicine, manual treatment: principles, mode of action, indications and evidence. Unfallchirurg, 2021, 124(6): 433-445.
17.	Lascurain-Aguirrebeña I, Newham DJ, Galindez-Ibarbengoetxea X, et al. Association between sympathoexcitatory changes and symptomatic improvement following cervical mobilisations in participants with neck pain. A double blind placebo controlled trial. Musculoskelet Sci Pract, 2019, 42: 90-97.
18.	Puentedura EJ, Flynn T. Combining manual therapy with pain neuroscience education in the treatment of chronic low back pain: a narrative review of the literature. Physiother Theory Pract, 2016, 32(5): 408-414.
19.	Lluch Girbés E, Meeus M, Baert I, et al. Balancing “hands-on” with “hands-off” physical therapy interventions for the treatment of central sensitization pain in osteoarthritis. Man Ther, 2015, 20(2): 349-352.
20.	Zimney K, Van Bogaert W, Louw A. The biology of chronic pain and its implications for pain neuroscience education: state of the art. J Clin Med, 2023, 12(13): 4199.
21.	Pocovi NC, Lin CC, French SD, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an individualised, progressive walking and education intervention for the prevention of low back pain recurrence in Australia (WalkBack): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2024, 404(10448): 134-144.
22.	Casey MB, Cotter N, Kelly C, et al. Exercise and acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain: a case series with one-year follow-up. Musculoskeletal Care, 2020, 18(1): 64-73.
23.	Eneberg-Boldon K, Schaack B, Joyce K. Pain neuroscience education as the foundation of interdisciplinary pain treatment. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 2020, 31(4): 541-551.
24.	Romm MJ, Ahn S, Fiebert I, et al. A meta-analysis of therapeutic pain neuroscience education, using dosage and treatment format as moderator variables. Pain Pract, 2021, 21(3): 366-380.
25.	Salazar-Méndez J, Núñez-Cortés R, Suso-Martí L, et al. Dosage matters: uncovering the optimal duration of pain neuroscience education to improve psychosocial variables in chronic musculoskeletal pain. A systematic review and meta-analysis with moderator analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2023, 153: 105328.
26.	Núñez-Cortés R, Salazar-Méndez J, Calatayud J, et al. The optimal dose of pain neuroscience education added to an exercise programme for patients with chronic spinal pain: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Pain, 2024, 165(6): 1196-1206.
27.	Ma X, Chen R, Li W, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of pain neuroscience education for chronic low back pain: short-term outcomes of pain and disability. Physiother Theory Pract, 2024, 40(9): 2130-2149.
28.	Kim H, Lee Z. Effects of pain neuroscience education on kinesiophobia in patients with chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Rehabil Sci, 2020, 9(4): 309-317.
29.	Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Hadadnezhad M, et al. Comparison the effect of pain neuroscience and pain biomechanics education on neck pain and fear of movement in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pain Ther, 2022, 11(2): 601-611.
30.	Javdaneh N, Saeterbakken AH, Shams A, et al. Pain neuroscience education combined with therapeutic exercises provides added benefit in the treatment of chronic neck pain. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021, 18(16): 8848.
31.	Andias R, Neto M, Silva AG. The effects of pain neuroscience education and exercise on pain, muscle endurance, catastrophizing and anxiety in adolescents with chronic idiopathic neck pain: a school-based pilot, randomized and controlled study. Physiother Theory Pract, 2018, 34(9): 682-691.
32.	Valiente-Castrillo P, Martín-Pintado-Zugasti A, Calvo-Lobo C, et al. Effects of pain neuroscience education and dry needling for the management of patients with chronic myofascial neck pain: a randomized clinical trial. Acupunct Med, 2021, 39(2): 91-105.
33.	Straube S, Harden M, Schröder H, et al. Back schools for the treatment of chronic low back pain: possibility of benefit but no convincing evidence after 47 years of research-systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain, 2016, 157(10): 2160-2172.
34.	Tomás-Rodríguez MI, Asensio-García MDR, García RN, et al. Short- and medium-term effects of a single session of pain neuroscience education on pain and psychological factors in patients with chronic low back pain. A single-blind randomized clinical trial. Eur J Pain, 2024, 28(10): 1841-1854.
35.	Song J, Kim H, Jung J, et al. Soft-tissue mobilization and pain neuroscience education for chronic nonspecific low back pain with central sensitization: a prospective randomized single-blind controlled trial. Biomedicines, 2023, 11(5): 1249.
36.	Gorji SM, Mohammadi Nia Samakosh H, Watt P, et al. Pain neuroscience education and motor control exercises versus core stability exercises on pain, disability, and balance in women with chronic low back pain. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022, 19(5): 2694.
37.	Rufa A, Beissner K, Dolphin M, et al. The use of pain neuroscience education in older adults with chronic back and/or lower extremity pain. Physiother Theory Pract, 2019, 35(7): 603-613.
38.	Saracoglu I, Arik MI, Afsar E, et al. The effectiveness of pain neuroscience education combined with manual therapy and home exercise for chronic low back pain: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Physiother Theory Pract, 2022, 38(7): 868-878.
39.	Alemanno F, Houdayer E, Emedoli D, et al. Efficacy of virtual reality to reduce chronic low back pain: proof-of-concept of a non-pharmacological approach on pain, quality of life, neuropsychological and functional outcome. PLoS One, 2019, 14(5): e0216858.
40.	McConnell R, Lane E, Webb G, et al. A multicenter feasibility randomized controlled trial using a virtual reality application of pain neuroscience education for adults with chronic low back pain. Ann Med, 2024, 56(1): 2311846.
41.	Bannuru RR, Osani MC, Vaysbrot EE, et al. OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee, hip, and polyarticular osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2019, 27(11): 1578-1589.
42.	Ram A, Booth J, Thom JM, et al. Exercise physiologists use of pain neuroscience education for treating knee osteoarthritis: a qualitative interview study. Musculoskeletal Care, 2022, 20(4): 821-830.
43.	Rabiei P, Sheikhi B, Letafatkar A. Examining the influence of pain neuroscience education followed by a pilates exercises program in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther, 2023, 25(1): 94.
44.	Supe HM, Mungikar SS, Katage GA, et al. Effect of pain neuroscience education with conventional physiotherapy via telerehabilitation on pain catastrophizing and function in patients with osteoarthritis knee: a randomized controlled trial. J Midlife Health, 2023, 14(2): 123-129.
45.	Justribó-Manion C, Mesa-Jiménez J, Bara-Casaus J, et al. Additional effects of therapeutic exercise and education on manual therapy for chronic temporomandibular disorders treatment: a randomized clinical trial. Physiother Theory Pract, 2025, 41(1): 12-27.
46.	Meise R, Carvalho GF, Thiel C, et al. Additional effects of pain neuroscience education combined with physiotherapy on the headache frequency of adult patients with migraine: a randomized controlled trial. Cephalalgia, 2023, 43(2): 3331024221144781.
47.	Sawyer EE, McDevitt AW, Louw A, et al. Use of pain neuroscience education, tactile discrimination, and graded motor imagery in an individual with frozen shoulder. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 2018, 48(3): 174-184.
48.	Goudman L, Huysmans E, Ickmans K, et al. A modern pain neuroscience approach in patients undergoing surgery for lumbar radiculopathy: a clinical perspective. Phys Ther, 2019, 99(7): 933-945.
49.	Louw A, Diener I, Landers MR, et al. Preoperative pain neuroscience education for lumbar radiculopathy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2014, 39(18): 1449-1457.
50.	Louw A, Diener I, Landers MR, et al. Three-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial comparing preoperative neuroscience education for patients undergoing surgery for lumbar radiculopathy. J Spine Surg, 2016, 2(4): 289-298.
51.	Huysmans E, Goudman L, Coppieters I, et al. Effect of perioperative pain neuroscience education in people undergoing surgery for lumbar radiculopathy: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Br J Anaesth, 2023, 131(3): 572-585.
52.	Van Bogaert W, Coppieters I, Nijs J, et al. Influence of preoperative pain, cognitions, and quantitative sensory testing measures on the effects of perioperative pain neuroscience education for people receiving surgery for lumbar radiculopathy: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 2024, 54(4): 279-288.
53.	Ponce-Fuentes F, Cuyul-Vásquez I, Bustos-Medina L, et al. Effects of pain neuroscience education and rehabilitation following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. A randomized clinical trial. Physiother Theory Pract, 2023, 39(9): 1861-1870.
54.	Kim H, Lee S. The efficacy of pain neuroscience education on active rehabilitation following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a CONSORT-compliant prospective randomized single-blind controlled trial. Brain Sci, 2022, 12(6): 764.
55.	Kararti C, Özyurt F, Kodak Mİ, et al. Pain neuroscience education following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair for patients with rotator cuff tears: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2024, 103(8): 690-697.
56.	Pinedo-Villanueva R, Khalid S, Wylde V, et al. Identifying individuals with chronic pain after knee replacement: a population-cohort, cluster-analysis of Oxford knee scores in 128, 145 patients from the English National Health Service. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2018, 19(1): 354.
57.	Louw A, Puentedura EJ, Reed J, et al. A controlled clinical trial of preoperative pain neuroscience education for patients about to undergo total knee arthroplasty. Clin Rehabil, 2019, 33(11): 1722-1731.
58.	Larsen JB, Skou ST, Laursen M, et al. Exercise and pain neuroscience education for patients with chronic pain after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open, 2024, 7(5): e2412179.
59.	Peng L, Song Y, Lv B, et al. The effect of implementation of pain neuroscience education and rehabilitation exercise on post-operative pain and recovery after laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Anesth, 2023, 37(5): 775-786.
60.	Dams L, Van der Gucht E, Devoogdt N, et al. Effect of pain neuroscience education after breast cancer surgery on pain, physical, and emotional functioning: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial (EduCan trial). Pain, 2023, 164(7): 1489-1501.

1. Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, et al. The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain, 2020, 161(9): 1976-1982.
2. Lin I, Wiles L, Waller R, et al. What does best practice care for musculoskeletal pain look like? Eleven consistent recommendations from high-quality clinical practice guidelines: systematic review. Br J Sports Med, 2020, 54(2): 79-86.
3. Louw A, Puentedura EL, Zimney K. Teaching patients about pain: it works, but what should we call it?. Physiother Theory Pract, 2016, 32(5): 328-331.
4. Gifford LS, Butler DS. The integration of pain sciences into clinical practice. J Hand Ther, 1997, 10(2): 86-95.
5. Van Oosterwijck J, Nijs J, Meeus M, et al. Pain neurophysiology education improves cognitions, pain thresholds, and movement performance in people with chronic whiplash: a pilot study. J Rehabil Res Dev, 2011, 48(1): 43-58.
6. Malfliet A, Leysen L, Pas R, et al. Modern pain neuroscience in clinical practice: applied to post-cancer, paediatric and sports-related pain. Braz J Phys Ther, 2017, 21(4): 225-232.
7. Ziegler AM, Minkalis AL, Langdon ER, et al. Learning the neurobiology of pain: a scoping review of pain education from an instructional design perspective. Patient Educ Couns, 2022, 105(6): 1379-1401.
8. Watson JA, Ryan CG, Cooper L, et al. Pain neuroscience education for adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a mixed-methods systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain, 2019, 20(10): 1140.e1-1140.e22.
9. Salazar-Méndez J, Cuyul-Vásquez I, Ponce-Fuentes F, et al. Pain neuroscience education for patients with chronic pain: a scoping review from teaching-learning strategies, educational level, and cultural perspective. Patient Educ Couns, 2024, 123: 108201.
10. Louw A, Zimney K, Puentedura EJ, et al. The efficacy of pain neuroscience education on musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review of the literature. Physiother Theory Pract, 2016, 32(5): 332-355.
11. Louw A, Sluka KA, Nijs J, et al. Revisiting the provision of pain neuroscience education: an adjunct intervention for patients but a primary focus of clinician education. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 2021, 51(2): 57-59.
12. Alcon C, Margerison S, Kirse H, et al. The effect of combining transcranial direct current stimulation and pain neuroscience education in patients with chronic low back pain and high pain catastrophizing: an exploratory clinical, cognitive, and fMRI study. Brain Behav, 2025, 15(5): e70543.
13. Alcon C, Zoch C, Luetkenhaus R, et al. Combined transcranial direct current stimulation and pain neuroscience education for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Pain Med, 2025, 26(2): 90-97.
14. Barone M, Imaz F, Bordachar D, et al. Effect of pain neuroscience education and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia. A case report. Physiother Theory Pract, 2022, 38(11): 1813-1822.
15. Louw A, Nijs J, Puentedura EJ. A clinical perspective on a pain neuroscience education approach to manual therapy. J Man Manip Ther, 2017, 25(3): 160-168.
16. Locher H. Manual medicine, manual treatment: principles, mode of action, indications and evidence. Unfallchirurg, 2021, 124(6): 433-445.
17. Lascurain-Aguirrebeña I, Newham DJ, Galindez-Ibarbengoetxea X, et al. Association between sympathoexcitatory changes and symptomatic improvement following cervical mobilisations in participants with neck pain. A double blind placebo controlled trial. Musculoskelet Sci Pract, 2019, 42: 90-97.
18. Puentedura EJ, Flynn T. Combining manual therapy with pain neuroscience education in the treatment of chronic low back pain: a narrative review of the literature. Physiother Theory Pract, 2016, 32(5): 408-414.
19. Lluch Girbés E, Meeus M, Baert I, et al. Balancing “hands-on” with “hands-off” physical therapy interventions for the treatment of central sensitization pain in osteoarthritis. Man Ther, 2015, 20(2): 349-352.
20. Zimney K, Van Bogaert W, Louw A. The biology of chronic pain and its implications for pain neuroscience education: state of the art. J Clin Med, 2023, 12(13): 4199.
21. Pocovi NC, Lin CC, French SD, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an individualised, progressive walking and education intervention for the prevention of low back pain recurrence in Australia (WalkBack): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2024, 404(10448): 134-144.
22. Casey MB, Cotter N, Kelly C, et al. Exercise and acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain: a case series with one-year follow-up. Musculoskeletal Care, 2020, 18(1): 64-73.
23. Eneberg-Boldon K, Schaack B, Joyce K. Pain neuroscience education as the foundation of interdisciplinary pain treatment. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 2020, 31(4): 541-551.
24. Romm MJ, Ahn S, Fiebert I, et al. A meta-analysis of therapeutic pain neuroscience education, using dosage and treatment format as moderator variables. Pain Pract, 2021, 21(3): 366-380.
25. Salazar-Méndez J, Núñez-Cortés R, Suso-Martí L, et al. Dosage matters: uncovering the optimal duration of pain neuroscience education to improve psychosocial variables in chronic musculoskeletal pain. A systematic review and meta-analysis with moderator analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2023, 153: 105328.
26. Núñez-Cortés R, Salazar-Méndez J, Calatayud J, et al. The optimal dose of pain neuroscience education added to an exercise programme for patients with chronic spinal pain: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Pain, 2024, 165(6): 1196-1206.
27. Ma X, Chen R, Li W, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of pain neuroscience education for chronic low back pain: short-term outcomes of pain and disability. Physiother Theory Pract, 2024, 40(9): 2130-2149.
28. Kim H, Lee Z. Effects of pain neuroscience education on kinesiophobia in patients with chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Rehabil Sci, 2020, 9(4): 309-317.
29. Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Hadadnezhad M, et al. Comparison the effect of pain neuroscience and pain biomechanics education on neck pain and fear of movement in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pain Ther, 2022, 11(2): 601-611.
30. Javdaneh N, Saeterbakken AH, Shams A, et al. Pain neuroscience education combined with therapeutic exercises provides added benefit in the treatment of chronic neck pain. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021, 18(16): 8848.
31. Andias R, Neto M, Silva AG. The effects of pain neuroscience education and exercise on pain, muscle endurance, catastrophizing and anxiety in adolescents with chronic idiopathic neck pain: a school-based pilot, randomized and controlled study. Physiother Theory Pract, 2018, 34(9): 682-691.
32. Valiente-Castrillo P, Martín-Pintado-Zugasti A, Calvo-Lobo C, et al. Effects of pain neuroscience education and dry needling for the management of patients with chronic myofascial neck pain: a randomized clinical trial. Acupunct Med, 2021, 39(2): 91-105.
33. Straube S, Harden M, Schröder H, et al. Back schools for the treatment of chronic low back pain: possibility of benefit but no convincing evidence after 47 years of research-systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain, 2016, 157(10): 2160-2172.
34. Tomás-Rodríguez MI, Asensio-García MDR, García RN, et al. Short- and medium-term effects of a single session of pain neuroscience education on pain and psychological factors in patients with chronic low back pain. A single-blind randomized clinical trial. Eur J Pain, 2024, 28(10): 1841-1854.
35. Song J, Kim H, Jung J, et al. Soft-tissue mobilization and pain neuroscience education for chronic nonspecific low back pain with central sensitization: a prospective randomized single-blind controlled trial. Biomedicines, 2023, 11(5): 1249.
36. Gorji SM, Mohammadi Nia Samakosh H, Watt P, et al. Pain neuroscience education and motor control exercises versus core stability exercises on pain, disability, and balance in women with chronic low back pain. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022, 19(5): 2694.
37. Rufa A, Beissner K, Dolphin M, et al. The use of pain neuroscience education in older adults with chronic back and/or lower extremity pain. Physiother Theory Pract, 2019, 35(7): 603-613.
38. Saracoglu I, Arik MI, Afsar E, et al. The effectiveness of pain neuroscience education combined with manual therapy and home exercise for chronic low back pain: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Physiother Theory Pract, 2022, 38(7): 868-878.
39. Alemanno F, Houdayer E, Emedoli D, et al. Efficacy of virtual reality to reduce chronic low back pain: proof-of-concept of a non-pharmacological approach on pain, quality of life, neuropsychological and functional outcome. PLoS One, 2019, 14(5): e0216858.
40. McConnell R, Lane E, Webb G, et al. A multicenter feasibility randomized controlled trial using a virtual reality application of pain neuroscience education for adults with chronic low back pain. Ann Med, 2024, 56(1): 2311846.
41. Bannuru RR, Osani MC, Vaysbrot EE, et al. OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee, hip, and polyarticular osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2019, 27(11): 1578-1589.
42. Ram A, Booth J, Thom JM, et al. Exercise physiologists use of pain neuroscience education for treating knee osteoarthritis: a qualitative interview study. Musculoskeletal Care, 2022, 20(4): 821-830.
43. Rabiei P, Sheikhi B, Letafatkar A. Examining the influence of pain neuroscience education followed by a pilates exercises program in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther, 2023, 25(1): 94.
44. Supe HM, Mungikar SS, Katage GA, et al. Effect of pain neuroscience education with conventional physiotherapy via telerehabilitation on pain catastrophizing and function in patients with osteoarthritis knee: a randomized controlled trial. J Midlife Health, 2023, 14(2): 123-129.
45. Justribó-Manion C, Mesa-Jiménez J, Bara-Casaus J, et al. Additional effects of therapeutic exercise and education on manual therapy for chronic temporomandibular disorders treatment: a randomized clinical trial. Physiother Theory Pract, 2025, 41(1): 12-27.
46. Meise R, Carvalho GF, Thiel C, et al. Additional effects of pain neuroscience education combined with physiotherapy on the headache frequency of adult patients with migraine: a randomized controlled trial. Cephalalgia, 2023, 43(2): 3331024221144781.
47. Sawyer EE, McDevitt AW, Louw A, et al. Use of pain neuroscience education, tactile discrimination, and graded motor imagery in an individual with frozen shoulder. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 2018, 48(3): 174-184.
48. Goudman L, Huysmans E, Ickmans K, et al. A modern pain neuroscience approach in patients undergoing surgery for lumbar radiculopathy: a clinical perspective. Phys Ther, 2019, 99(7): 933-945.
49. Louw A, Diener I, Landers MR, et al. Preoperative pain neuroscience education for lumbar radiculopathy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2014, 39(18): 1449-1457.
50. Louw A, Diener I, Landers MR, et al. Three-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial comparing preoperative neuroscience education for patients undergoing surgery for lumbar radiculopathy. J Spine Surg, 2016, 2(4): 289-298.
51. Huysmans E, Goudman L, Coppieters I, et al. Effect of perioperative pain neuroscience education in people undergoing surgery for lumbar radiculopathy: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Br J Anaesth, 2023, 131(3): 572-585.
52. Van Bogaert W, Coppieters I, Nijs J, et al. Influence of preoperative pain, cognitions, and quantitative sensory testing measures on the effects of perioperative pain neuroscience education for people receiving surgery for lumbar radiculopathy: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 2024, 54(4): 279-288.
53. Ponce-Fuentes F, Cuyul-Vásquez I, Bustos-Medina L, et al. Effects of pain neuroscience education and rehabilitation following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. A randomized clinical trial. Physiother Theory Pract, 2023, 39(9): 1861-1870.
54. Kim H, Lee S. The efficacy of pain neuroscience education on active rehabilitation following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a CONSORT-compliant prospective randomized single-blind controlled trial. Brain Sci, 2022, 12(6): 764.
55. Kararti C, Özyurt F, Kodak Mİ, et al. Pain neuroscience education following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair for patients with rotator cuff tears: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2024, 103(8): 690-697.
56. Pinedo-Villanueva R, Khalid S, Wylde V, et al. Identifying individuals with chronic pain after knee replacement: a population-cohort, cluster-analysis of Oxford knee scores in 128, 145 patients from the English National Health Service. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2018, 19(1): 354.
57. Louw A, Puentedura EJ, Reed J, et al. A controlled clinical trial of preoperative pain neuroscience education for patients about to undergo total knee arthroplasty. Clin Rehabil, 2019, 33(11): 1722-1731.
58. Larsen JB, Skou ST, Laursen M, et al. Exercise and pain neuroscience education for patients with chronic pain after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open, 2024, 7(5): e2412179.
59. Peng L, Song Y, Lv B, et al. The effect of implementation of pain neuroscience education and rehabilitation exercise on post-operative pain and recovery after laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Anesth, 2023, 37(5): 775-786.
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