Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder with continuously rising incidence rates. Existing pharmacological treatments have complications and cannot halt disease progression. Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (tFUS), as a novel neuromodulation technology, demonstrates unique advantages in Parkinson’s disease treatment. tFUS exerts multiple effects through mechanical mechanisms at multiple levels, including protecting dopaminergic neurons, regulating neurotransmitter systems, and improving neural circuit function. Preclinical studies have confirmed its potential in improving both motor and non-motor symptoms, and early clinical studies have shown good safety profiles. However, the clinical translation of tFUS still faces challenges such as parameter optimization and individualized treatment protocols, requiring validation of long-term efficacy through large-scale clinical trials.
Citation： SHI Yu, WU Wen. Recent advances in transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. West China Medical Journal, 2025, 40(6): 973-978. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202501136 Copy
Copyright © the editorial department of West China Medical Journal of West China Medical Publisher. All rights reserved
| 1. | Bloem BR, Okun MS, Klein C. Parkinson’s disease. Lancet, 2021, 397(10291): 2284-2303. |
| 2. | Zhu J, Cui Y, Zhang J, et al. Temporal trends in the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease from 1980 to 2023: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Healthy Longev, 2024, 5(7): e464-e479. |
| 3. | Shahmoradian SH, Lewis AJ, Genoud C, et al. Lewy pathology in Parkinson’s disease consists of crowded organelles and lipid membranes. Nat Neurosci, 2019, 22(7): 1099-1109. |
| 4. | Morris HR, Spillantini MG, Sue CM, et al. The pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet, 2024, 403(10423): 293-304. |
| 5. | Armstrong MJ, Okun MS. Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: a review. JAMA, 2020, 323(6): 548-560. |
| 6. | Bucur M, Papagno C. Deep brain stimulation in parkinson disease: a meta-analysis of the long-term neuropsychological outcomes. Neuropsychol Rev, 2023, 33(2): 307-346. |
| 7. | Zhang W, Deng B, Xie F, et al. Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. EClinicalMedicine, 2022, 52: 101589. |
| 8. | Duan Z, Zhang C. Transcranial direct current stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of motor and cognitive effects. NPJ Parkinsons Dis, 2024, 10(1): 214. |
| 9. | Zhong YX, Liao JC, Liu X, et al. Low intensity focused ultrasound: a new prospect for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Ann Med, 2023, 55(2): 2251145. |
| 10. | Shi Y, Wu W. Advances in transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation for mental disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2025, 136: 111244. |
| 11. | Shi Y, Wu W. Advancements and prospects of transcranial focused ultrasound in pain neuromodulation. Pain, 2025. |
| 12. | Cain JA, Visagan S, Johnson MA, et al. Real time and delayed effects of subcortical low intensity focused ultrasound. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 6100. |
| 13. | Niu X, Yu K, He B. Transcranial focused ultrasound induces sustained synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus. Brain Stimul, 2022, 15(2): 352-359. |
| 14. | Sarica C, Nankoo JF, Fomenko A, et al. Human studies of transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation: a systematic review of effectiveness and safety. Brain Stimul, 2022, 15(3): 737-746. |
| 15. | Krishna V, Sammartino F, Rezai A. A review of the current therapies, challenges, and future directions of transcranial focused ultrasound technology: advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA Neurol, 2018, 75(2): 246-254. |
| 16. | Yoo S, Mittelstein DR, Hurt RC, et al. Focused ultrasound excites cortical neurons via mechanosensitive calcium accumulation and ion channel amplification. Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1): 493. |
| 17. | Sorum B, Rietmeijer RA, Gopakumar K, et al. Ultrasound activates mechanosensitive TRAAK K+ channels through the lipid membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2021, 118(6): e2006980118. |
| 18. | Kim S, Jo Y, Kook G, et al. Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation with high spatial resolution. Brain Stimul, 2021, 14(2): 290-300. |
| 19. | Lee KS, Clennell B, Steward TGJ, et al. Focused ultrasound stimulation as a neuromodulatory tool for Parkinson’s disease: a scoping review. Brain Sci, 2022, 12(2): 289. |
| 20. | Pasquinelli C, Hanson LG, Siebner HR, et al. Safety of transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation: a systematic review of the state of knowledge from both human and animal studies. Brain Stimul, 2019, 12(6): 1367-1380. |
| 21. | Prieto ML, Madison DV, Khuri-Yakub BT, et al. Focused ultrasound activates task potassium channels, increases membrane capacitance, and modulates action potential waveform and firing properties in hippocampal brain slices. Biophys J, 2018, 114(3): 669a. |
| 22. | Yang PS, Kim H, Lee W, et al. Transcranial focused ultrasound to the thalamus is associated with reduced extracellular GABA levels in rats. Neuropsychobiology, 2012, 65(3): 153-160. |
| 23. | Tyler WJ, Tufail Y, Finsterwald M, et al. Remote excitation of neuronal circuits using low-intensity, low-frequency ultrasound. PLoS One, 2008, 3(10): e3511. |
| 24. | Clennell B, Steward TGJ, Hanman K, et al. Ultrasound modulates neuronal potassium currents via ionotropic glutamate receptors. Brain Stimul, 2023, 16(2): 540-552. |
| 25. | Lin Z, Bian T, Zhou W, et al. Modulation of neuronal excitability by low- intensity ultrasound in two principal neurons of rat anteroventral cochlear nucleus. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control, 2021, 68(5): 1752-1761. |
| 26. | Prieto ML, Firouzi K, Khuri-Yakub BT, et al. Spike frequency-dependent inhibition and excitation of neural activity by high-frequency ultrasound. J Gen Physiol, 2020, 152(11): e202012672. |
| 27. | Newman M, Rasiah PK, Kusunose J, et al. Ultrasound modulates calcium activity in cultured neurons, glial cells, endothelial cells and pericytes. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2024, 50(3): 341-351. |
| 28. | Li Z, Chen R, Liu D, et al. Effect of low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation on theta and gamma oscillations in the mouse hippocampal CA1. Front Psychiatry, 2023, 14: 1151351. |
| 29. | Moore ME, Loft JM, Clegern WC, et al. Manipulating neuronal activity in the mouse brain with ultrasound: a comparison with optogenetic activation of the cerebral cortex. Neurosci Lett, 2015, 604: 183-187. |
| 30. | Zhao L, Feng Y, Shi A, et al. Neuroprotective effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound against MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells: involvement of K2P channels and stretch-activated ion channels. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2017, 43(9): 1986-1999. |
| 31. | Zhou H, Niu L, Xia X, et al. Wearable ultrasound improves motor function in an MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2019, 66(11): 3006-3013. |
| 32. | Xu T, Lu X, Peng D, et al. Ultrasonic stimulation of the brain to enhance the release of dopamine–A potential novel treatment for Parkinson’s disease. Ultrason Sonochem, 2020, 63: 104955. |
| 33. | Wang Z, Yan J, Wang X, et al. Transcranial ultrasound stimulation directly influences the cortical excitability of the motor cortex in parkinsonian mice. Mov Disord, 2020, 35(4): 693-698. |
| 34. | Zhao Z, Ji H, Pei J, et al. Transcranial ultrasound stimulation improves memory performance of parkinsonian mice. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng, 2024, 32: 1284-1291. |
| 35. | Yuan Y, Zhao Z, Wang Z, et al. The effect of low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation on behavior in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease induced by MPTP. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng, 2020, 28(4): 1017-1021. |
| 36. | Zhou H, Meng L, Xia X, et al. Transcranial ultrasound stimulation suppresses neuroinflammation in a chronic mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2021, 68(11): 3375-3387. |
| 37. | Chen X, Wang D, Zhang L, et al. Neuroprotective effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on the mouse MPTP/MPP+ model of dopaminergic neuron injury. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2021, 47(8): 2321-2330. |
| 38. | Huang X, Lin Z, Wang K, et al. Transcranial low-intensity pulsed ultrasound modulates structural and functional synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control, 2019, 66(5): 930-938. |
| 39. | Samuel N, Ding MYR, Sarica C, et al. Accelerated transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation in Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study. Mov Disord, 2023, 38(12): 2209-2216. |
| 40. | Grippe T, Shamli-Oghli Y, Darmani G, et al. Plasticity-induced effects of theta burst transcranial ultrasound stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord, 2024, 39(8): 1364-1374. |
| 41. | Legon W, Adams S, Bansal P, et al. A retrospective qualitative report of symptoms and safety from transcranial focused ultrasound for neuromodulation in humans. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 5573. |
| 42. | Riis TS, Losser AJ, Kassavetis P, et al. Noninvasive modulation of essential tremor with focused ultrasonic waves. J Neural Eng, 2024, 21(1): 016033. |
| 43. | Yu K, Liu C, Niu X, et al. Transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation of voluntary movement-related cortical activity in humans. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2021, 68(6): 1923-1931. |
| 44. | Bian T, Meng W, Qiu M, et al. Noninvasive ultrasound stimulation of ventral tegmental area induces reanimation from general anaesthesia in mice. Research (Wash D C), 2021, 2021: 2674692. |
| 45. | Blackmore DG, Turpin F, Mohamed AZ, et al. Multimodal analysis of aged wild-type mice exposed to repeated scanning ultrasound treatments demonstrates long-term safety. Theranostics, 2018, 8(22): 6233-6247. |
| 46. | Munoz F, Meaney A, Gross A, et al. Long term study of motivational and cognitive effects of low-intensity focused ultrasound neuromodulation in the dorsal striatum of nonhuman primates. Brain Stimul, 2022, 15(2): 360-372. |
| 47. | Martin E, Aubry JF, Schafer M, et al. ITRUSST consensus on standardised reporting for transcranial ultrasound stimulation. Brain Stimul, 2024, 17(3): 607-615. |
| 48. | Osada T, Konishi S. Noninvasive intervention by transcranial ultrasound stimulation: modulation of neural circuits and its clinical perspectives. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2024, 78(5): 273-281. |
| 49. | Arulpragasam A, Faucher C, van ’t Wout-Frank M, et al. P369. First-in-human use of low intensity focused ultrasound in depressed patients: Safety and tolerability outcomes. Biol Psychiat, 2022, 91(9): S236-S237. |
| 50. | Folloni D, Verhagen L, Mars RB, et al. Manipulation of subcortical and deep cortical activity in the primate brain using transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation. Neuron, 2019, 101(6): 1109-1116.e5. |
| 51. | Dos Santos Alves Maria G, Dias NS, Nicolato R, et al. Safety and efficacy of repetitive stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using transcranial focused ultrasound in treatment-resistant depressed patients: a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial protocol. Asian J Psychiatr, 2024, 95: 103994. |
| 52. | Yaakub SN, White TA, Roberts J, et al. Transcranial focused ultrasound-mediated neurochemical and functional connectivity changes in deep cortical regions in humans. Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1): 5318. |
| 53. | Huang X, Niu L, Meng L, et al. Transcranial low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation induces neuronal autophagy. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control, 2021, 68(1): 46-53. |
| 54. | Lin Z, Zhou W, Huang X, et al. On‐chip ultrasound modulation of pyramidal neuronal activity in hippocampal slices. Advanced Biosystems, 2018, 2(8): 1800041. |
| 55. | Kim YG, Kim SE, Lee J, et al. Neuromodulation using transcranial focused ultrasound on the bilateral medial prefrontal cortex. J Clin Med, 2022, 11(13): 3809. |
| 56. | Collins MN, Mesce KA. Focused ultrasound neuromodulation and the confounds of intracellular electrophysiological investigation. eNeuro, 2020, 7(4): ENEURO.0213-20.2020. |
- 1. Bloem BR, Okun MS, Klein C. Parkinson’s disease. Lancet, 2021, 397(10291): 2284-2303.
- 2. Zhu J, Cui Y, Zhang J, et al. Temporal trends in the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease from 1980 to 2023: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Healthy Longev, 2024, 5(7): e464-e479.
- 3. Shahmoradian SH, Lewis AJ, Genoud C, et al. Lewy pathology in Parkinson’s disease consists of crowded organelles and lipid membranes. Nat Neurosci, 2019, 22(7): 1099-1109.
- 4. Morris HR, Spillantini MG, Sue CM, et al. The pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet, 2024, 403(10423): 293-304.
- 5. Armstrong MJ, Okun MS. Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: a review. JAMA, 2020, 323(6): 548-560.
- 6. Bucur M, Papagno C. Deep brain stimulation in parkinson disease: a meta-analysis of the long-term neuropsychological outcomes. Neuropsychol Rev, 2023, 33(2): 307-346.
- 7. Zhang W, Deng B, Xie F, et al. Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. EClinicalMedicine, 2022, 52: 101589.
- 8. Duan Z, Zhang C. Transcranial direct current stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of motor and cognitive effects. NPJ Parkinsons Dis, 2024, 10(1): 214.
- 9. Zhong YX, Liao JC, Liu X, et al. Low intensity focused ultrasound: a new prospect for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Ann Med, 2023, 55(2): 2251145.
- 10. Shi Y, Wu W. Advances in transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation for mental disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2025, 136: 111244.
- 11. Shi Y, Wu W. Advancements and prospects of transcranial focused ultrasound in pain neuromodulation. Pain, 2025.
- 12. Cain JA, Visagan S, Johnson MA, et al. Real time and delayed effects of subcortical low intensity focused ultrasound. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 6100.
- 13. Niu X, Yu K, He B. Transcranial focused ultrasound induces sustained synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus. Brain Stimul, 2022, 15(2): 352-359.
- 14. Sarica C, Nankoo JF, Fomenko A, et al. Human studies of transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation: a systematic review of effectiveness and safety. Brain Stimul, 2022, 15(3): 737-746.
- 15. Krishna V, Sammartino F, Rezai A. A review of the current therapies, challenges, and future directions of transcranial focused ultrasound technology: advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA Neurol, 2018, 75(2): 246-254.
- 16. Yoo S, Mittelstein DR, Hurt RC, et al. Focused ultrasound excites cortical neurons via mechanosensitive calcium accumulation and ion channel amplification. Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1): 493.
- 17. Sorum B, Rietmeijer RA, Gopakumar K, et al. Ultrasound activates mechanosensitive TRAAK K+ channels through the lipid membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2021, 118(6): e2006980118.
- 18. Kim S, Jo Y, Kook G, et al. Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation with high spatial resolution. Brain Stimul, 2021, 14(2): 290-300.
- 19. Lee KS, Clennell B, Steward TGJ, et al. Focused ultrasound stimulation as a neuromodulatory tool for Parkinson’s disease: a scoping review. Brain Sci, 2022, 12(2): 289.
- 20. Pasquinelli C, Hanson LG, Siebner HR, et al. Safety of transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation: a systematic review of the state of knowledge from both human and animal studies. Brain Stimul, 2019, 12(6): 1367-1380.
- 21. Prieto ML, Madison DV, Khuri-Yakub BT, et al. Focused ultrasound activates task potassium channels, increases membrane capacitance, and modulates action potential waveform and firing properties in hippocampal brain slices. Biophys J, 2018, 114(3): 669a.
- 22. Yang PS, Kim H, Lee W, et al. Transcranial focused ultrasound to the thalamus is associated with reduced extracellular GABA levels in rats. Neuropsychobiology, 2012, 65(3): 153-160.
- 23. Tyler WJ, Tufail Y, Finsterwald M, et al. Remote excitation of neuronal circuits using low-intensity, low-frequency ultrasound. PLoS One, 2008, 3(10): e3511.
- 24. Clennell B, Steward TGJ, Hanman K, et al. Ultrasound modulates neuronal potassium currents via ionotropic glutamate receptors. Brain Stimul, 2023, 16(2): 540-552.
- 25. Lin Z, Bian T, Zhou W, et al. Modulation of neuronal excitability by low- intensity ultrasound in two principal neurons of rat anteroventral cochlear nucleus. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control, 2021, 68(5): 1752-1761.
- 26. Prieto ML, Firouzi K, Khuri-Yakub BT, et al. Spike frequency-dependent inhibition and excitation of neural activity by high-frequency ultrasound. J Gen Physiol, 2020, 152(11): e202012672.
- 27. Newman M, Rasiah PK, Kusunose J, et al. Ultrasound modulates calcium activity in cultured neurons, glial cells, endothelial cells and pericytes. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2024, 50(3): 341-351.
- 28. Li Z, Chen R, Liu D, et al. Effect of low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation on theta and gamma oscillations in the mouse hippocampal CA1. Front Psychiatry, 2023, 14: 1151351.
- 29. Moore ME, Loft JM, Clegern WC, et al. Manipulating neuronal activity in the mouse brain with ultrasound: a comparison with optogenetic activation of the cerebral cortex. Neurosci Lett, 2015, 604: 183-187.
- 30. Zhao L, Feng Y, Shi A, et al. Neuroprotective effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound against MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells: involvement of K2P channels and stretch-activated ion channels. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2017, 43(9): 1986-1999.
- 31. Zhou H, Niu L, Xia X, et al. Wearable ultrasound improves motor function in an MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2019, 66(11): 3006-3013.
- 32. Xu T, Lu X, Peng D, et al. Ultrasonic stimulation of the brain to enhance the release of dopamine–A potential novel treatment for Parkinson’s disease. Ultrason Sonochem, 2020, 63: 104955.
- 33. Wang Z, Yan J, Wang X, et al. Transcranial ultrasound stimulation directly influences the cortical excitability of the motor cortex in parkinsonian mice. Mov Disord, 2020, 35(4): 693-698.
- 34. Zhao Z, Ji H, Pei J, et al. Transcranial ultrasound stimulation improves memory performance of parkinsonian mice. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng, 2024, 32: 1284-1291.
- 35. Yuan Y, Zhao Z, Wang Z, et al. The effect of low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation on behavior in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease induced by MPTP. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng, 2020, 28(4): 1017-1021.
- 36. Zhou H, Meng L, Xia X, et al. Transcranial ultrasound stimulation suppresses neuroinflammation in a chronic mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2021, 68(11): 3375-3387.
- 37. Chen X, Wang D, Zhang L, et al. Neuroprotective effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on the mouse MPTP/MPP+ model of dopaminergic neuron injury. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2021, 47(8): 2321-2330.
- 38. Huang X, Lin Z, Wang K, et al. Transcranial low-intensity pulsed ultrasound modulates structural and functional synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control, 2019, 66(5): 930-938.
- 39. Samuel N, Ding MYR, Sarica C, et al. Accelerated transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation in Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study. Mov Disord, 2023, 38(12): 2209-2216.
- 40. Grippe T, Shamli-Oghli Y, Darmani G, et al. Plasticity-induced effects of theta burst transcranial ultrasound stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord, 2024, 39(8): 1364-1374.
- 41. Legon W, Adams S, Bansal P, et al. A retrospective qualitative report of symptoms and safety from transcranial focused ultrasound for neuromodulation in humans. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 5573.
- 42. Riis TS, Losser AJ, Kassavetis P, et al. Noninvasive modulation of essential tremor with focused ultrasonic waves. J Neural Eng, 2024, 21(1): 016033.
- 43. Yu K, Liu C, Niu X, et al. Transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation of voluntary movement-related cortical activity in humans. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2021, 68(6): 1923-1931.
- 44. Bian T, Meng W, Qiu M, et al. Noninvasive ultrasound stimulation of ventral tegmental area induces reanimation from general anaesthesia in mice. Research (Wash D C), 2021, 2021: 2674692.
- 45. Blackmore DG, Turpin F, Mohamed AZ, et al. Multimodal analysis of aged wild-type mice exposed to repeated scanning ultrasound treatments demonstrates long-term safety. Theranostics, 2018, 8(22): 6233-6247.
- 46. Munoz F, Meaney A, Gross A, et al. Long term study of motivational and cognitive effects of low-intensity focused ultrasound neuromodulation in the dorsal striatum of nonhuman primates. Brain Stimul, 2022, 15(2): 360-372.
- 47. Martin E, Aubry JF, Schafer M, et al. ITRUSST consensus on standardised reporting for transcranial ultrasound stimulation. Brain Stimul, 2024, 17(3): 607-615.
- 48. Osada T, Konishi S. Noninvasive intervention by transcranial ultrasound stimulation: modulation of neural circuits and its clinical perspectives. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2024, 78(5): 273-281.
- 49. Arulpragasam A, Faucher C, van ’t Wout-Frank M, et al. P369. First-in-human use of low intensity focused ultrasound in depressed patients: Safety and tolerability outcomes. Biol Psychiat, 2022, 91(9): S236-S237.
- 50. Folloni D, Verhagen L, Mars RB, et al. Manipulation of subcortical and deep cortical activity in the primate brain using transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation. Neuron, 2019, 101(6): 1109-1116.e5.
- 51. Dos Santos Alves Maria G, Dias NS, Nicolato R, et al. Safety and efficacy of repetitive stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using transcranial focused ultrasound in treatment-resistant depressed patients: a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial protocol. Asian J Psychiatr, 2024, 95: 103994.
- 52. Yaakub SN, White TA, Roberts J, et al. Transcranial focused ultrasound-mediated neurochemical and functional connectivity changes in deep cortical regions in humans. Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1): 5318.
- 53. Huang X, Niu L, Meng L, et al. Transcranial low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation induces neuronal autophagy. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control, 2021, 68(1): 46-53.
- 54. Lin Z, Zhou W, Huang X, et al. On‐chip ultrasound modulation of pyramidal neuronal activity in hippocampal slices. Advanced Biosystems, 2018, 2(8): 1800041.
- 55. Kim YG, Kim SE, Lee J, et al. Neuromodulation using transcranial focused ultrasound on the bilateral medial prefrontal cortex. J Clin Med, 2022, 11(13): 3809.
- 56. Collins MN, Mesce KA. Focused ultrasound neuromodulation and the confounds of intracellular electrophysiological investigation. eNeuro, 2020, 7(4): ENEURO.0213-20.2020.