RESEARCH PROGRESS OF PREPARATION AND COMPONENTS OF PLATELET RICH PLASMA_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

FUWeili , LIQi ,  LIJian

Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

LIJian, Email: hxlijian.china@163.com

Keywords：

Platelet rich plasma; Preparation method; Component

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.20140337

Video：

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Objective To review the research progress of the preparation and components of the platelet rich plasma (PRP). Methods The recent literature concerning the biological mechanism, preparation, and components of PRP was analyzed and summarized. Results The biological function of PRP depends on a series of intricate cascade of cellular and molecular events. PRP contains different concentrations of platelets, which would release a large number of the activated molecules, and also contains a small amount of white blood cells and red blood cells. The preparation of PRP is based on platelet concentration. Different preparation techniques would lead to different platelet concentrations, recovery ratios, and components. Conclusion There is no uniform standard for the preparation of PRP. Different preparation methods and technical parameters of PRP will get different components and different concentrations of PRP, which also provide a reference for cl inicians to select the most appropriate PRP for individual patient.

Citation： FUWeili, LIQi, LIJian. RESEARCH PROGRESS OF PREPARATION AND COMPONENTS OF PLATELET RICH PLASMA. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2014, 28(12): 1560-1564. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.20140337 Copy

1.	Arshdeep, Kumaran MS. Platelet-rich plasma in dermatology:boon or a bane? Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol, 2014, 80(1):5-14.
2.	Dhillon MS, Behera P, Patel S, et al. Orthobiologics and platelet rich plasma. Indian J Orthop, 2014, 48(1):1-9.
3.	Magalon J, Bausset O, Serratrice N, et al. Characterization and comparison of 5 platelet-rich plasma preparations in a single-donor model. Arthroscopy, 2014, 30(5):629-638.
4.	Andia I, Maffulli N. Platelet-rich plasma for muscle injury and tendinopathy. Sports Med Arthrosc, 2013, 21(4):191-198.
5.	Charousset C, Zaoui A, Bellaïche L, et al. Does autologous leukocyteplatelet-rich plasma improve tendon healing in arthroscopic repair of large or massive rotator cuff tears? Arthroscopy, 2014, 30(4):428-435.
6.	Braun HJ, Wasterlain AS, Dragoo JL. The use of PRP in ligament and meniscal healing. Sports Med Arthrosc, 2013, 21(4):206-212.
7.	Abrams GD, Frank RM, Fortier LA, et al. Platelet-rich plasma for articular cartilage repair. Sports Med Arthrosc, 2013, 21(4):213-219.
8.	Willits K, Kaniki N, Bryant D. The use of platelet-rich plasma in orthopedic injuries. Sports Med Arthrosc, 2013, 21(4):225-230.
9.	Andia I, Abate M. Platelet-rich plasma:underlying biology and cl inical correlates. Regen Med, 2013, 8(5):645-658.
10.	Andia I, Sanchez M, Maffulli N. Tendon heal ing and platelet-rich plasma therapies. Expert Opin Biol Ther, 2010, 10(10):1415-1426.
11.	Russell RP, Apostolakos J, Hirose T, et al. Variabil ity of platelet-rich plasma preparations. Sports Med Arthrosc, 2013, 21(4):186-190.
12.	Boswell SG, Cole BJ, Sundman EA, et al. Platelet-rich plasma:a milieu of bioactive factors. Arthroscopy, 2012, 28(3):429-439.
13.	Browning SR, Weiser AM, Woolf N, et al. Platelet-rich plasma increases matrix metalloproteinases in cultures of human synovial fibroblasts. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2012, 94(23):e1721-e1277.
14.	Sánchez M, Anitua E, Azofra J, et al. Comparison of surgically repaired Achilles tendon tears using platelet-rich fibrin matrices. Am J Sport Med, 2007, 35(2):245-251.
15.	Bloomfield MR, Klika AK, Molloy RM, et al. Prospective randomized evaluation of a collagen/thrombin and autologous platelet hemostatic agent during total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2012, 27(5):695-702.
16.	Diiorio TM, Burkholder JD, Good RP, et al. Platelet-rich plasma does not reduce blood loss or pain or improve range of motion after TKA. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2012, 470(1):138-143.
17.	Sheth U, Simunovic N, Klein G, et al. Efficacy of autologous plateletrich plasma use for orthopaedic indications:a meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2012, 94(4):298-307.
18.	Cervell in M, de Girolamo L, Bait C, et al. Autologous platelet-rich plasma gel to reduce donor-site morbidity after patellar tendon graft harvesting for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a randomized, controlled cl inical study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2012, 20(1):114-120.
19.	Sánchez M, Fiz N, Azofra J, et al. A randomized cl inical trial evaluating plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF-Endoret) versus hyaluronic acid in the short-term treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Arthroscopy, 2012, 28(8):1070-1078.
20.	Mei-Dan O, Carmont MR, Laver L, et al. Platelet-rich plasma or hyaluronate in the management of osteochondral lesions of the talus. Am J Sports Med, 2012, 40(3):534-541.
21.	Dionyssiou D, Demiri E, Foroglou P, et al. The effectiveness of intralesional injection of platelet-rich plasma in accelerating the healing of chronic ulcers:an experimental and cl inical study. Int Wound J, 2013, 10(4):397-406.
22.	Martinez-Zapata MJ, Marti-Carvajal AJ, Solà I, et al. Autologous platelet-rich plasma for treating chronic wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012. DOI:10. 1002/14651858. CD006899. pub2.
23.	Guadilla J, Fiz N, Andia I, et al. Arthroscopic management and platelet-rich plasma therapy for avascular necrosis of the hi p. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2012, 20(2):393-398.
24.	Cervell i V, Sciol i MG, Gentile P, et al. Platelet-rich plasma greatly potentiates insul in-induced adi pogenic differentiation of human adi pose-derived stem cells through a serine/threonine kinase Aktdependent mechanism and promotes cl inical fat graft maintenance. Stem Cells Transl Med, 2012, 1(3):206-220.
25.	Arnoczky SP, Shebani-Rad S. The basic science of platelet-rich plasma (PRP):what cl inicians need to know. Sports Med Arthrosc, 2013, 21(4):180-185.
26.	Giusti I, Rughetti A, D'Ascenzo S, et al. Identification of an optimal concentration of platelet gel for promoting angiogenesis in human endothelial cells. Transfusion, 2009, 49(4):771-778.
27.	Rodeo SA, Delos D, Williams RJ, et al. The effect of platelet-rich fibrin matrix on rotator cuff tendon heal ing:a prospective, randomized cl inical study. Am J Sport Med, 2012, 40(6):1234-1241.
28.	Nguyen RT, Borg-Stein J, McInnis K. Applications of platelet-rich plasma in musculoskeletal and sports medicine:an evidence-based approach. PM R, 2011, 3(3):226-250.
29.	Lopez-Vidriero E, Goulding KA, Simon DA, et al. The use of plateletrich plasma in arthroscopy and sports medicine:optimizing the healing environment. Arthroscopy, 2010, 26(2):269-278.
30.	Li H, Li B. PRP as a new approach to prevent infection:preparation and in vitro antimicrobial properties of PRP. J Vis Exp, 2013. DOI:10. 3791/50351.
31.	Moojen DJ, Everts PA, Schure RM, et al. Antimicrobial activity of platelet-leukocyte gel against Staphylococcus aureus. J Orthop Res, 2008, 26(3):404-410.
32.	Amable PR, Carias RB, Teixeira MV, et al. Platelet-rich plasma preparation for regenerative medicine:optimization and quantification of cytokines and growth factors. Stem Cell Res Ther, 2013, 4(3):67.
33.	Dhillon RS, Schwarz EM, Maloney MD. Platelet-rich plasma therapy-future or trend? Arthritis Res Ther, 2012, 14(4):219.
34.	Hall MP, Band PA, Meisl in RJ, et al. Platelet-rich plasma:current concepts and application in sports medicine. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2009, 17(10):602-608.
35.	Mishra A, Harmon K, Woodall J, et al. Sports medicine applications of platelet rich plasma. Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2012, 13(7):1185-1195.
36.	Han B, Woodell-May J, Ponticiello M, et al. The effect of thrombin activation of platelet-rich plasma on demineralized bone matrix osteoinductivity. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2009, 91(6):1459-1470.
37.	吕汝举, 刘美静. 富血小板血浆(PRP)治疗技术及应用. 中国医疗器械信息, 2013, 19(10):50-55.
38.	Pietrzak WS, Eppley BL. Platelet rich plasma:biology and new technology. J Craniofac Surg, 2005, 16(6):1043-1054.
39.	May JA, Heptinstall S. Effects of anticoagulants used during blood collection on human platelet function. Platelets and Megakaryocytes, 2004, 272:3-11.
40.	Perez AG, Lana JF, Rodrigues AA, et al. Relevant aspects of centrifugation step in the preparation of platelet-rich plasma. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2014, 2014:1-8.
41.	Mazzocca AD, McCarthy MB, Chowaniec DM, et al. Platelet-rich plasma differs according to preparation method and human variabil ity. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2012, 94(4):308-316.
42.	Anitua E, Andia I, Ardanza B, et al. Autologous platelets as a source of proteins for healing and tissue regeneration. Throm Haemost, 2004, 91(1):4-15.
43.	Man D, Plosker H, Winland-Brown JE. The use of autologous plateletrich plasma (platelet gel) and autologous platelet-poor plasma (fibrin glue) in cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2001, 107(1):229-239.
44.	Harrison S, Vavken P, Kevy S, et al. Platelet activation by collagen provides sustained release of anabolic cytokines. Am J Sports Med, 2011, 39(4):729-734.
45.	Kevy SV, Jacobson MS. Comparison of methods for point of care preparation of autologous platelet gel. J Extra Corpor Technol, 2004, 36(1):28-35.
46.	Hsu WK, Mishra A, Rodeo SR, et al. Platelet-rich plasma in orthopaedic appl ications:evidence-based recommendations for treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2013, 21(12):739-748.
47.	Alsousou J, AliA, Willett K, et al. The role of platelet-rich plasma in tissue regeneration. Platelets, 2012, 24(3):173-182.
48.	Boswell SG, Schnabel LV, Mohammed HO, et al. Increasing platelet concentrations in leukocyte-reduced platelet-rich plasma decrease collagen gene synthesis in tendons. Am J Sports Med, 2014, 42(1):42-49.
49.	Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Bielecki T, Jimbo R, et al. Do the fibrin architecture and leukocyte content influence the growth factor release of platelet concentrates? An evidence-based answer comparing a pure plateletrich plasma (P-PRP) gel and a leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (LPRF). Curr Pharm Biotechno, 2012, 13(7):1145-1152.

1. Arshdeep, Kumaran MS. Platelet-rich plasma in dermatology:boon or a bane? Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol, 2014, 80(1):5-14.
2. Dhillon MS, Behera P, Patel S, et al. Orthobiologics and platelet rich plasma. Indian J Orthop, 2014, 48(1):1-9.
3. Magalon J, Bausset O, Serratrice N, et al. Characterization and comparison of 5 platelet-rich plasma preparations in a single-donor model. Arthroscopy, 2014, 30(5):629-638.
4. Andia I, Maffulli N. Platelet-rich plasma for muscle injury and tendinopathy. Sports Med Arthrosc, 2013, 21(4):191-198.
5. Charousset C, Zaoui A, Bellaïche L, et al. Does autologous leukocyteplatelet-rich plasma improve tendon healing in arthroscopic repair of large or massive rotator cuff tears? Arthroscopy, 2014, 30(4):428-435.
6. Braun HJ, Wasterlain AS, Dragoo JL. The use of PRP in ligament and meniscal healing. Sports Med Arthrosc, 2013, 21(4):206-212.
7. Abrams GD, Frank RM, Fortier LA, et al. Platelet-rich plasma for articular cartilage repair. Sports Med Arthrosc, 2013, 21(4):213-219.
8. Willits K, Kaniki N, Bryant D. The use of platelet-rich plasma in orthopedic injuries. Sports Med Arthrosc, 2013, 21(4):225-230.
9. Andia I, Abate M. Platelet-rich plasma:underlying biology and cl inical correlates. Regen Med, 2013, 8(5):645-658.
10. Andia I, Sanchez M, Maffulli N. Tendon heal ing and platelet-rich plasma therapies. Expert Opin Biol Ther, 2010, 10(10):1415-1426.
11. Russell RP, Apostolakos J, Hirose T, et al. Variabil ity of platelet-rich plasma preparations. Sports Med Arthrosc, 2013, 21(4):186-190.
12. Boswell SG, Cole BJ, Sundman EA, et al. Platelet-rich plasma:a milieu of bioactive factors. Arthroscopy, 2012, 28(3):429-439.
13. Browning SR, Weiser AM, Woolf N, et al. Platelet-rich plasma increases matrix metalloproteinases in cultures of human synovial fibroblasts. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2012, 94(23):e1721-e1277.
14. Sánchez M, Anitua E, Azofra J, et al. Comparison of surgically repaired Achilles tendon tears using platelet-rich fibrin matrices. Am J Sport Med, 2007, 35(2):245-251.
15. Bloomfield MR, Klika AK, Molloy RM, et al. Prospective randomized evaluation of a collagen/thrombin and autologous platelet hemostatic agent during total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2012, 27(5):695-702.
16. Diiorio TM, Burkholder JD, Good RP, et al. Platelet-rich plasma does not reduce blood loss or pain or improve range of motion after TKA. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2012, 470(1):138-143.
17. Sheth U, Simunovic N, Klein G, et al. Efficacy of autologous plateletrich plasma use for orthopaedic indications:a meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2012, 94(4):298-307.
18. Cervell in M, de Girolamo L, Bait C, et al. Autologous platelet-rich plasma gel to reduce donor-site morbidity after patellar tendon graft harvesting for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a randomized, controlled cl inical study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2012, 20(1):114-120.
19. Sánchez M, Fiz N, Azofra J, et al. A randomized cl inical trial evaluating plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF-Endoret) versus hyaluronic acid in the short-term treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Arthroscopy, 2012, 28(8):1070-1078.
20. Mei-Dan O, Carmont MR, Laver L, et al. Platelet-rich plasma or hyaluronate in the management of osteochondral lesions of the talus. Am J Sports Med, 2012, 40(3):534-541.
21. Dionyssiou D, Demiri E, Foroglou P, et al. The effectiveness of intralesional injection of platelet-rich plasma in accelerating the healing of chronic ulcers:an experimental and cl inical study. Int Wound J, 2013, 10(4):397-406.
22. Martinez-Zapata MJ, Marti-Carvajal AJ, Solà I, et al. Autologous platelet-rich plasma for treating chronic wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012. DOI:10. 1002/14651858. CD006899. pub2.
23. Guadilla J, Fiz N, Andia I, et al. Arthroscopic management and platelet-rich plasma therapy for avascular necrosis of the hi p. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2012, 20(2):393-398.
24. Cervell i V, Sciol i MG, Gentile P, et al. Platelet-rich plasma greatly potentiates insul in-induced adi pogenic differentiation of human adi pose-derived stem cells through a serine/threonine kinase Aktdependent mechanism and promotes cl inical fat graft maintenance. Stem Cells Transl Med, 2012, 1(3):206-220.
25. Arnoczky SP, Shebani-Rad S. The basic science of platelet-rich plasma (PRP):what cl inicians need to know. Sports Med Arthrosc, 2013, 21(4):180-185.
26. Giusti I, Rughetti A, D'Ascenzo S, et al. Identification of an optimal concentration of platelet gel for promoting angiogenesis in human endothelial cells. Transfusion, 2009, 49(4):771-778.
27. Rodeo SA, Delos D, Williams RJ, et al. The effect of platelet-rich fibrin matrix on rotator cuff tendon heal ing:a prospective, randomized cl inical study. Am J Sport Med, 2012, 40(6):1234-1241.
28. Nguyen RT, Borg-Stein J, McInnis K. Applications of platelet-rich plasma in musculoskeletal and sports medicine:an evidence-based approach. PM R, 2011, 3(3):226-250.
29. Lopez-Vidriero E, Goulding KA, Simon DA, et al. The use of plateletrich plasma in arthroscopy and sports medicine:optimizing the healing environment. Arthroscopy, 2010, 26(2):269-278.
30. Li H, Li B. PRP as a new approach to prevent infection:preparation and in vitro antimicrobial properties of PRP. J Vis Exp, 2013. DOI:10. 3791/50351.
31. Moojen DJ, Everts PA, Schure RM, et al. Antimicrobial activity of platelet-leukocyte gel against Staphylococcus aureus. J Orthop Res, 2008, 26(3):404-410.
32. Amable PR, Carias RB, Teixeira MV, et al. Platelet-rich plasma preparation for regenerative medicine:optimization and quantification of cytokines and growth factors. Stem Cell Res Ther, 2013, 4(3):67.
33. Dhillon RS, Schwarz EM, Maloney MD. Platelet-rich plasma therapy-future or trend? Arthritis Res Ther, 2012, 14(4):219.
34. Hall MP, Band PA, Meisl in RJ, et al. Platelet-rich plasma:current concepts and application in sports medicine. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2009, 17(10):602-608.
35. Mishra A, Harmon K, Woodall J, et al. Sports medicine applications of platelet rich plasma. Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2012, 13(7):1185-1195.
36. Han B, Woodell-May J, Ponticiello M, et al. The effect of thrombin activation of platelet-rich plasma on demineralized bone matrix osteoinductivity. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2009, 91(6):1459-1470.
37. 吕汝举, 刘美静. 富血小板血浆(PRP)治疗技术及应用. 中国医疗器械信息, 2013, 19(10):50-55.
38. Pietrzak WS, Eppley BL. Platelet rich plasma:biology and new technology. J Craniofac Surg, 2005, 16(6):1043-1054.
39. May JA, Heptinstall S. Effects of anticoagulants used during blood collection on human platelet function. Platelets and Megakaryocytes, 2004, 272:3-11.
40. Perez AG, Lana JF, Rodrigues AA, et al. Relevant aspects of centrifugation step in the preparation of platelet-rich plasma. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2014, 2014:1-8.
41. Mazzocca AD, McCarthy MB, Chowaniec DM, et al. Platelet-rich plasma differs according to preparation method and human variabil ity. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2012, 94(4):308-316.
42. Anitua E, Andia I, Ardanza B, et al. Autologous platelets as a source of proteins for healing and tissue regeneration. Throm Haemost, 2004, 91(1):4-15.
43. Man D, Plosker H, Winland-Brown JE. The use of autologous plateletrich plasma (platelet gel) and autologous platelet-poor plasma (fibrin glue) in cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2001, 107(1):229-239.
44. Harrison S, Vavken P, Kevy S, et al. Platelet activation by collagen provides sustained release of anabolic cytokines. Am J Sports Med, 2011, 39(4):729-734.
45. Kevy SV, Jacobson MS. Comparison of methods for point of care preparation of autologous platelet gel. J Extra Corpor Technol, 2004, 36(1):28-35.
46. Hsu WK, Mishra A, Rodeo SR, et al. Platelet-rich plasma in orthopaedic appl ications:evidence-based recommendations for treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2013, 21(12):739-748.
47. Alsousou J, AliA, Willett K, et al. The role of platelet-rich plasma in tissue regeneration. Platelets, 2012, 24(3):173-182.
48. Boswell SG, Schnabel LV, Mohammed HO, et al. Increasing platelet concentrations in leukocyte-reduced platelet-rich plasma decrease collagen gene synthesis in tendons. Am J Sports Med, 2014, 42(1):42-49.
49. Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Bielecki T, Jimbo R, et al. Do the fibrin architecture and leukocyte content influence the growth factor release of platelet concentrates? An evidence-based answer comparing a pure plateletrich plasma (P-PRP) gel and a leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (LPRF). Curr Pharm Biotechno, 2012, 13(7):1145-1152.

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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

RESEARCH PROGRESS OF PREPARATION AND COMPONENTS OF PLATELET RICH PLASMA

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