RESEARCH PROGRESS OF MICROENVIRONMENT FOR TREATMENT OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS INJURIES_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

YAODongdong ^1,2 , ZHANGJieyuan ¹ , LIUBin ² ,  LIBingcang ¹

1. Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P. R. China;
2. Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Southwest University;

Corresponding author：

LIBingcang, Email: bcli1118@yahoo.com

Keywords：

Peripheral nerve; Injury repair; Inflammation response; Signaling pathway; Microenvironment

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.20150252

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To review the research progress of microenvironment for the treatment of peripheral nervous injuries. Methods The recent literature concerning the treatment mechanism of peripheral nervous injuries was extensively consulted, and the microenvironment response involved in the treatment of peripheral nervous injuries was reviewed. Results The complex microenvironment for treatment of peripheral nervous injuries is dependent on nerve regeneration chamber, the formation of neurotrophic factors, inflammation response, regulation of hormones, signaling pathways, and related enzymes in regulation. In-depth study will help us have a clearer understanding on the distal and proximal neurons axons at the cellular and molecular levels after peripheral nervous injuries. Conclusion In recent years, the researches of microenvironment for the treatment of peripheral nervous injuries have achieved obvious progress. With the current nanotechnology, materials science, genetic engineering, and stem cell transplantation technology, it will provide new ideas and corresponding basis for clinical treatment.

Citation： YAODongdong, ZHANGJieyuan, LIUBin, LIBingcang. RESEARCH PROGRESS OF MICROENVIRONMENT FOR TREATMENT OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS INJURIES. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2015, 29(9): 1167-1172. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.20150252 Copy

1.	Tos P, Ronchi G, Geuna S, et al. Future perspectives in nerve repair and regeneration. Int Rev Neurobiol, 2013, 109:165-192.
2.	Madduri S, Gander B. Schwann cell delivery of neurotrophic factors for peripheral nerve regeneration. J Peripher Nerv Syst, 2010, 15(2): 93-103.
3.	You H, Wei L, Liu Y, et al. Olfactory ensheathing cells enhance Schwann cell-mediated anatomical and functional repair after sciatic nerve injury in adult rats. Exp Neurol, 2011, 229(1):158-167.
4.	Tang X, Xue C, Wang Y, et al. Bridging peripheral nerve defects with a tissue engineered nerve graft composed of an in vitro cultured nerve equivalent and a silk fibroin-based scaffold. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(16):3860-3867.
5.	Wang A, Tang Z, Park IH, et al. Induced pluripotent stem cells for neural tissue Engineering. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(22):5023-5032.
6.	Mohammadi R, Azizi S, Delirezh N, et al. The use of undiferentiated bone marrow stromal cells for sciatic nerve regeneration in rats. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2012, 41(5):650-656.
7.	Khazaei MR, Halfter H, Karimzadeh F, et al. Bex1 is involved in the regeneration of axons after injury. J Neurochem, 2010, 115(4):910-920.
8.	Christie KJ, Webber CA, Martinez JA, et al. PTEN inhibition to facilitate intrinsic regenerative outgrowth of adult peripheral axons. J Neurosci, 2010, 30(27):9306-9315.
9.	Barrette B, Calvo E, Vallières N, et al. Transcriptional profiling of the injured sciatic nerve of mice carrying the Wld (S) mutant gene:identification of genes involved in neuroprotection, neuroinflammation, and nerve regeneration. Brain Behav Immun, 2010, 24(8):1254-1267.
10.	Günzl P, Bauer K, Hainzl E, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of the PI3K pathway are mediated by IL-10/DUSP regulation. J Leukoc Biol, 2010, 88(6):1259-1269.
11.	Chen JF, Tao Y, Li J, et al. MicroRNA-1 and microRNA-206 regulate skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation by repressing Pax7. J Cell Biol, 2010, 190(5):867-879.
12.	Yang Y, Zhao W, He J, et al. Nerve conduits based on immobilization of nerve growth factor onto modified chitosan by using genipin as a crosslinking agent. Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 2011, 79(3):519-525.
13.	Zhou FQ, Zhou J, Dedhar S, et al. NGF-induced axon growth is mediated by localized inactivation of GSK-3beta and functions of the microtubule plus end binding protein APC. Neuron, 2004, 42(6): 897-912.
14.	Tamura S, Suzuki H, Hirowatari Y, et al. Release reaction of brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through PAR1 activation and its two distinct pools in human platelets. Thromb Res, 2011, 128(5): e55-61.
15.	Gratto KA, Verge VM. Neurotrophin-3 down-regulates trkA mRNA,NGF high-affinity binding sites,and associated phenotype in adult DRG neurons. Eur J Neurosci, 2003, 18(6):1535-1548.
16.	Shimazu K, Zhao M, Sakata K, et al. NT-3 facilitates hippocampal plasticity and learning and memory by regulating neurogenesis. Learn Mem, 2006, 13(3):307-315.
17.	龚非力. 医学免疫学. 3版. 北京:科学出版社, 2009:118-124.
18.	Cui Q, Lu Q, So KF, et al. CNTF, not other trophic factors, promotes axonal regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult hamsters. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1999, 40(3):760-766.
19.	李宝成. bFGF 复合翻转静脉神经导管修复大鼠周围神经缺损的实验研究. 包头医学院学报, 2012, 28(6):14-15.
20.	王晓亮, 杨朝阳, 李晓光, 等. 应用人工神经修复大鼠坐骨神经损伤的实验研究. 中国康复理论与实践, 2012, 18(6):535-538.
21.	Omura T, Sano M, Omura K, et al. Different expressions of BDNF, NT3 and NT4 in muscle and nerve after various types of peripheral nerve injuries. J Peripher Nerv Syst, 2005, 10(3):293-300.
22.	Campana WM. Schwann cells:activated peripheral glia and their role in neuropathic pain. Brain Behav Immun, 2007, 21(5):522-527.
23.	Koriyama Y, Homma K, Sugitani K, et al. Upregulation of IGF-I in the gold fish retinal ganglion cells during the early stage of optic nerve regeneration. Neurochem Int, 2007, 50(5):749-756.
24.	Sherer TB, Fiske BK, Svendsen CN, et al. Crossroads in GDNF therapy for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord, 2006, 21(2):136-141.
25.	刘萍, 涂彧. 表皮生长因子在新生大鼠神经干细胞培养中的作用. 苏州大学学报:医学版, 2010, 30(2):310-312.
26.	Campana WM, Li X, Shubayev VI, et al. Erythropoietin reduces Schwann cell TNF-alpha,Wallerian degeneration and pain-related behaviors after peripheral nerveinjury. Eur J Neurosci, 2006, 23(3): 617-626.
27.	Setton-Avruj CP, Musolino PL, Salis C, et al. Presence of alphaglobin mRNA and migration of bone marrow cells after sciatic nerve injury suggests their participation in the degeneration/regeneration process. Exp Neurol, 2007, 203(2):568-578.
28.	Gray M, Palispis W, Popovich PG, et al. Macrophage depletion alters the blood-nerve barrier without affecting Schwann cell function after neural injury. J Neurosci Res, 2007, 85(4):766-777.
29.	Santana MA, Esquivel-Guadarrama F. Cell biology of T cell activation and difierentiation. Int Rev Cytol, 2006, 250:217-274.
30.	黄恒, 沈若武, 季爱玉, 等. 大鼠坐骨神经损伤修复后Thl/Th2细胞因子的表达. 青岛大学医学院学报, 2012, 48(2):108-110.
31.	Ruohonen S, Jagodi M, Khademi M, et al. Contralateral nonoperated nerve to transected rat sciatic nerve shows increased expression of IL-1beta, TGF-beta1, TNF-alpha, and IL-10. J Neuroimmunol, 2002, 132(1-2):11-17.
32.	Nishida T, Yanal R. Advances in treatment for neurotrophic keratopathy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2009, 20(4):276-281.
33.	Misawa S, Kuwahara S, Mori M, et al. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Neurology, 2001, 56(5):666-669.
34.	熊革, 王炎, 童德迪, 等. 免疫抑制剂对人鼠坐骨神经损伤修复后细胞因子表达的影响. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2006, 20(12): 1163-1167.
35.	Wirjatijasa F, Dehghani F, Blaheta RA, et al. Interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and intcrleukin-l-receptor antagonist but not transforming growth factor-beta induce ramification and reduce adhesion molecule expression of rat microglial cells. J Neurosci Res, 2002, 68(5):579-587.
36.	杨峰, 曲巍. FK506在周围神经损伤修复中的研究进展. 实用手外科杂志, 2011, 25(1):52-55.
37.	Li X, Wang W, Wei G, et al. Immunophilin FK506 loaded inchitosan guide promotes peripheral nerve regeneration. Biotechnol Lett, 2010, 32(9):1333-1337.
38.	董阳, 沈若武, 季爱玉, 等. 环磷酰胺对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后NGF 表达影响. 青岛大学医学院学报, 2013, 49(3):216-218.
39.	王琳, 马玉林. 枸杞多糖对大鼠坐骨神经损伤修复后影响的实验研究. 宁夏医学杂志, 2005, 26(5):264-266.
40.	Li WW, Le Goascogne C, Schumacher M, et al. Type 2 deiodinase in the peripheral nervous system:induction in the sciatic nerve after injury. Neuroscience, 2001, 107(3):507-518.
41.	李敏, 祖衡兵. 雄激素在神经退行性疾病中的神经保护作用. 脑与神经疾病杂志, 2012, 20(5):396-397.
42.	Yu HJ, Fei J, Chen XS, et al. Progesterone attenuates neurological behavioral deficits of experimental autoimmune encephalolnyelitis through remyelination with nuclessublocalized olig1 protein. Neurosci Lett, 2010, 476(1):42-45.
43.	Lanlua P, Decorti F, Gangula PR, et al. Female steroid hormones modulate receptors for nerve growth factor in rat dorsal root ganglia. Biol Reprod, 2001, 64(1):331-338.
44.	Mohammadi R, Yadegarazadi MJ, Amini K. Peripheral nerve regeneration following transection injury to rat sciatic nerve by local application of adrenocorticotropic hormone. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2014, 42(6):784-789.
45.	Xu QG, Li XQ, Kotecha SA, et al. Insulin as an in vivo growth factor. Exp Neurol, 2004, 188(1):43-51.
46.	Li M, Guo W, Zhang P, et al. Signal flow and pathways in response to early Wallerian degeneration after rat sciatic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett, 2013, 536:56-63.
47.	Smith D, Tweed C, Fernyhough P, et al. Nuclear-factor kappaB activation in axons and Schwann cells in experimental sciatic nerve in jury and its role in modulating axon regeneration:studies with etanercept. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 2009, 68(6):691-700.
48.	Wang Y, Kawamura N, Schmelzer JD, et al. Decreased peripheral nerve damage after ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice lacking TNF-alpha. J Neurol Sci, 2008, 267(1-2):107-111.
49.	Andorfer B, Kieseier BC, Mathey E, et al. Expression and distribution of transcription factor NF-kappaB and inhibitor IkappaB in the inflamed peripheral nervous system. J Neuroimmunol, 2001, 116(2): 226-232.
50.	Cho Y, Cavalli V. HDAC5 is a novel injury-regulated tubulin deacetylase controlling axon regeneration. EMBO J, 2012, 31(14): 3063-3078.
51.	Castro C, Kuffler DP. Membrane-bound CSPG mediates growth cone outgrowth and substrate specificity by Schwann cell contact with the DRG neuron cell body and not via growth cone contact. Exp Neurol, 2006, 200(1):19-25.
52.	López-Vales R, Navarro X, Shimizu T, et al. Intracellular phospholipase A2 group IVA and group VIA play important roles in Wallerian degeneration and axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Brain, 2008, 131(Pt 10):2620-2631.
53.	Höke A. Mechanisms of disease:what factors limit the success of peripheral nerve regeneration in humans? Nat Clin Pract Neurol, 2006, 2(8):448-454.

1. Tos P, Ronchi G, Geuna S, et al. Future perspectives in nerve repair and regeneration. Int Rev Neurobiol, 2013, 109:165-192.
2. Madduri S, Gander B. Schwann cell delivery of neurotrophic factors for peripheral nerve regeneration. J Peripher Nerv Syst, 2010, 15(2): 93-103.
3. You H, Wei L, Liu Y, et al. Olfactory ensheathing cells enhance Schwann cell-mediated anatomical and functional repair after sciatic nerve injury in adult rats. Exp Neurol, 2011, 229(1):158-167.
4. Tang X, Xue C, Wang Y, et al. Bridging peripheral nerve defects with a tissue engineered nerve graft composed of an in vitro cultured nerve equivalent and a silk fibroin-based scaffold. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(16):3860-3867.
5. Wang A, Tang Z, Park IH, et al. Induced pluripotent stem cells for neural tissue Engineering. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(22):5023-5032.
6. Mohammadi R, Azizi S, Delirezh N, et al. The use of undiferentiated bone marrow stromal cells for sciatic nerve regeneration in rats. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2012, 41(5):650-656.
7. Khazaei MR, Halfter H, Karimzadeh F, et al. Bex1 is involved in the regeneration of axons after injury. J Neurochem, 2010, 115(4):910-920.
8. Christie KJ, Webber CA, Martinez JA, et al. PTEN inhibition to facilitate intrinsic regenerative outgrowth of adult peripheral axons. J Neurosci, 2010, 30(27):9306-9315.
9. Barrette B, Calvo E, Vallières N, et al. Transcriptional profiling of the injured sciatic nerve of mice carrying the Wld (S) mutant gene:identification of genes involved in neuroprotection, neuroinflammation, and nerve regeneration. Brain Behav Immun, 2010, 24(8):1254-1267.
10. Günzl P, Bauer K, Hainzl E, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of the PI3K pathway are mediated by IL-10/DUSP regulation. J Leukoc Biol, 2010, 88(6):1259-1269.
11. Chen JF, Tao Y, Li J, et al. MicroRNA-1 and microRNA-206 regulate skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation by repressing Pax7. J Cell Biol, 2010, 190(5):867-879.
12. Yang Y, Zhao W, He J, et al. Nerve conduits based on immobilization of nerve growth factor onto modified chitosan by using genipin as a crosslinking agent. Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 2011, 79(3):519-525.
13. Zhou FQ, Zhou J, Dedhar S, et al. NGF-induced axon growth is mediated by localized inactivation of GSK-3beta and functions of the microtubule plus end binding protein APC. Neuron, 2004, 42(6): 897-912.
14. Tamura S, Suzuki H, Hirowatari Y, et al. Release reaction of brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through PAR1 activation and its two distinct pools in human platelets. Thromb Res, 2011, 128(5): e55-61.
15. Gratto KA, Verge VM. Neurotrophin-3 down-regulates trkA mRNA,NGF high-affinity binding sites,and associated phenotype in adult DRG neurons. Eur J Neurosci, 2003, 18(6):1535-1548.
16. Shimazu K, Zhao M, Sakata K, et al. NT-3 facilitates hippocampal plasticity and learning and memory by regulating neurogenesis. Learn Mem, 2006, 13(3):307-315.
17. 龚非力. 医学免疫学. 3版. 北京:科学出版社, 2009:118-124.
18. Cui Q, Lu Q, So KF, et al. CNTF, not other trophic factors, promotes axonal regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult hamsters. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1999, 40(3):760-766.
19. 李宝成. bFGF 复合翻转静脉神经导管修复大鼠周围神经缺损的实验研究. 包头医学院学报, 2012, 28(6):14-15.
20. 王晓亮, 杨朝阳, 李晓光, 等. 应用人工神经修复大鼠坐骨神经损伤的实验研究. 中国康复理论与实践, 2012, 18(6):535-538.
21. Omura T, Sano M, Omura K, et al. Different expressions of BDNF, NT3 and NT4 in muscle and nerve after various types of peripheral nerve injuries. J Peripher Nerv Syst, 2005, 10(3):293-300.
22. Campana WM. Schwann cells:activated peripheral glia and their role in neuropathic pain. Brain Behav Immun, 2007, 21(5):522-527.
23. Koriyama Y, Homma K, Sugitani K, et al. Upregulation of IGF-I in the gold fish retinal ganglion cells during the early stage of optic nerve regeneration. Neurochem Int, 2007, 50(5):749-756.
24. Sherer TB, Fiske BK, Svendsen CN, et al. Crossroads in GDNF therapy for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord, 2006, 21(2):136-141.
25. 刘萍, 涂彧. 表皮生长因子在新生大鼠神经干细胞培养中的作用. 苏州大学学报:医学版, 2010, 30(2):310-312.
26. Campana WM, Li X, Shubayev VI, et al. Erythropoietin reduces Schwann cell TNF-alpha,Wallerian degeneration and pain-related behaviors after peripheral nerveinjury. Eur J Neurosci, 2006, 23(3): 617-626.
27. Setton-Avruj CP, Musolino PL, Salis C, et al. Presence of alphaglobin mRNA and migration of bone marrow cells after sciatic nerve injury suggests their participation in the degeneration/regeneration process. Exp Neurol, 2007, 203(2):568-578.
28. Gray M, Palispis W, Popovich PG, et al. Macrophage depletion alters the blood-nerve barrier without affecting Schwann cell function after neural injury. J Neurosci Res, 2007, 85(4):766-777.
29. Santana MA, Esquivel-Guadarrama F. Cell biology of T cell activation and difierentiation. Int Rev Cytol, 2006, 250:217-274.
30. 黄恒, 沈若武, 季爱玉, 等. 大鼠坐骨神经损伤修复后Thl/Th2细胞因子的表达. 青岛大学医学院学报, 2012, 48(2):108-110.
31. Ruohonen S, Jagodi M, Khademi M, et al. Contralateral nonoperated nerve to transected rat sciatic nerve shows increased expression of IL-1beta, TGF-beta1, TNF-alpha, and IL-10. J Neuroimmunol, 2002, 132(1-2):11-17.
32. Nishida T, Yanal R. Advances in treatment for neurotrophic keratopathy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2009, 20(4):276-281.
33. Misawa S, Kuwahara S, Mori M, et al. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Neurology, 2001, 56(5):666-669.
34. 熊革, 王炎, 童德迪, 等. 免疫抑制剂对人鼠坐骨神经损伤修复后细胞因子表达的影响. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2006, 20(12): 1163-1167.
35. Wirjatijasa F, Dehghani F, Blaheta RA, et al. Interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and intcrleukin-l-receptor antagonist but not transforming growth factor-beta induce ramification and reduce adhesion molecule expression of rat microglial cells. J Neurosci Res, 2002, 68(5):579-587.
36. 杨峰, 曲巍. FK506在周围神经损伤修复中的研究进展. 实用手外科杂志, 2011, 25(1):52-55.
37. Li X, Wang W, Wei G, et al. Immunophilin FK506 loaded inchitosan guide promotes peripheral nerve regeneration. Biotechnol Lett, 2010, 32(9):1333-1337.
38. 董阳, 沈若武, 季爱玉, 等. 环磷酰胺对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后NGF 表达影响. 青岛大学医学院学报, 2013, 49(3):216-218.
39. 王琳, 马玉林. 枸杞多糖对大鼠坐骨神经损伤修复后影响的实验研究. 宁夏医学杂志, 2005, 26(5):264-266.
40. Li WW, Le Goascogne C, Schumacher M, et al. Type 2 deiodinase in the peripheral nervous system:induction in the sciatic nerve after injury. Neuroscience, 2001, 107(3):507-518.
41. 李敏, 祖衡兵. 雄激素在神经退行性疾病中的神经保护作用. 脑与神经疾病杂志, 2012, 20(5):396-397.
42. Yu HJ, Fei J, Chen XS, et al. Progesterone attenuates neurological behavioral deficits of experimental autoimmune encephalolnyelitis through remyelination with nuclessublocalized olig1 protein. Neurosci Lett, 2010, 476(1):42-45.
43. Lanlua P, Decorti F, Gangula PR, et al. Female steroid hormones modulate receptors for nerve growth factor in rat dorsal root ganglia. Biol Reprod, 2001, 64(1):331-338.
44. Mohammadi R, Yadegarazadi MJ, Amini K. Peripheral nerve regeneration following transection injury to rat sciatic nerve by local application of adrenocorticotropic hormone. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2014, 42(6):784-789.
45. Xu QG, Li XQ, Kotecha SA, et al. Insulin as an in vivo growth factor. Exp Neurol, 2004, 188(1):43-51.
46. Li M, Guo W, Zhang P, et al. Signal flow and pathways in response to early Wallerian degeneration after rat sciatic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett, 2013, 536:56-63.
47. Smith D, Tweed C, Fernyhough P, et al. Nuclear-factor kappaB activation in axons and Schwann cells in experimental sciatic nerve in jury and its role in modulating axon regeneration:studies with etanercept. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 2009, 68(6):691-700.
48. Wang Y, Kawamura N, Schmelzer JD, et al. Decreased peripheral nerve damage after ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice lacking TNF-alpha. J Neurol Sci, 2008, 267(1-2):107-111.
49. Andorfer B, Kieseier BC, Mathey E, et al. Expression and distribution of transcription factor NF-kappaB and inhibitor IkappaB in the inflamed peripheral nervous system. J Neuroimmunol, 2001, 116(2): 226-232.
50. Cho Y, Cavalli V. HDAC5 is a novel injury-regulated tubulin deacetylase controlling axon regeneration. EMBO J, 2012, 31(14): 3063-3078.
51. Castro C, Kuffler DP. Membrane-bound CSPG mediates growth cone outgrowth and substrate specificity by Schwann cell contact with the DRG neuron cell body and not via growth cone contact. Exp Neurol, 2006, 200(1):19-25.
52. López-Vales R, Navarro X, Shimizu T, et al. Intracellular phospholipase A2 group IVA and group VIA play important roles in Wallerian degeneration and axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Brain, 2008, 131(Pt 10):2620-2631.
53. Höke A. Mechanisms of disease:what factors limit the success of peripheral nerve regeneration in humans? Nat Clin Pract Neurol, 2006, 2(8):448-454.

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RESEARCH PROGRESS OF MICROENVIRONMENT FOR TREATMENT OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS INJURIES

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