Study on NaOH improving the surface morphology of three-dimensional printed poly-<i>L</i>- lactic acid mesh scaffolds_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

ZENG Hui , GUO Fang , HUANG Shuo , LIU Ning , GUO Yayuan ,  LIU Changkui

Research Center of Tooth and Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration and Restoration, School of Stomatology, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an Shaanxi, 710021, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

LIU Changkui, Email: liuchangkui@xiyi.edu.cn

Keywords：

Poly-L-lactic acid; three-dimensional printing; mesh scaffold; NaOH; hydrophilicity; cell adhesion

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202311089

Video：

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Objective To explore the effect of NaOH on the surface morphology of three-dimensional (3D) printed poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) mesh scaffolds. Methods The 3D printed PLLA mesh scaffolds were prepared by fused deposition molding technology, then the scaffold surfaces were etched with the NaOH solution. The concentrations of NaOH solution were 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 mol/L, and the treatment time was 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours, respectively. There were a total of 25 concentration and time combinations. After treatment, the microstructure, energy spectrum, roughness, hydrophilicity, compressive strength, as well as cell adhesion and proliferation of the scaffolds were observed. The untreated scaffolds were used as a normal control. Results 3D printed PLLA mesh scaffolds were successfully prepared by using fused deposition molding technology. After NaOH etching treatment, a rough or micro porous structure was constructed on the surface of the scaffold, and with the increase of NaOH concentration and treatment time, the size and density of the pores increased. The characterization of the scaffolds by energy dispersive spectroscopy showed that the crystal contains two elements, Na and O. The surface roughness of NaOH treated scaffolds significantly increased (P<0.05) and the contact angle significantly decreased (P<0.05) compared to untreated scaffolds. There was no significant difference in compressive strength between the untreated scaffolds and treated scaffolds under conditions of 0.1 mol/L/12 h and 1.0 mol/L/3 h (P>0.05), while the compression strength of the other treated scaffolds were significantly lower than that of the untreated scaffolds (P<0.05). After co-culturing the cells with the scaffold, NaOH treatment resulted in an increase in the number of cells on the surface of the scaffold and the spreading area of individual cells, and more synapses extending from adherent cells. Conclusion NaOH treatment is beneficial for increasing the surface hydrophilicity and cell adhesion of 3D printed PLLA mesh scaffolds.

Citation： ZENG Hui, GUO Fang, HUANG Shuo, LIU Ning, GUO Yayuan, LIU Changkui. Study on NaOH improving the surface morphology of three-dimensional printed poly-L- lactic acid mesh scaffolds. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2024, 38(3): 348-355. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202311089 Copy

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3.	Wei X, Zhou W, Tang Z, et al. Magnesium surface-activated 3D printed porous PEEK scaffolds for in vivo osseointegration by promoting angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Bioact Mater, 2022, 20: 16-28.
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11.	Cunha W, Carvalho O, Henriques B, et al. Surface modification of zirconia dental implants by laser texturing. Lasers Med Sci, 2022, 37(1): 77-93.
12.	Gupta D, Singh AK, Kar N, et al. Modelling and optimization of NaOH-etched 3-D printed PCL for enhanced cellular attachment and growth with minimal loss of mechanical strength. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2019, 98: 602-611.
13.	Kang Y, Wang F, Zhang Z, et al. Dissolution and interaction of cellulose carbamate in NaOH/ZnO aqueous solutions. Polymers (Basel). 2021, 13(7): 1092.
14.	Dryhval B, Husak Y, Sulaieva O, et al. In vivo safety of new coating for biodegradable magnesium implants. Materials (Basel), 2023, 16(17): 5807.
15.	Yoon J, Kim S, Park KH, et al. Biocompatible and oxidation-resistant Ti₃ C₂ T_x MXene with halogen-free surface terminations. Small Methods, 2023, 7(8): e2201579.
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17.	Hulka I, Mirza-Rosca JC, Buzdugan D, et al. Microstructure and mechanical characteristics of Ti-Ta alloys before and after NaOH treatment and their behavior in simulated body fluid. Materials (Basel), 2023, 16(5): 1943.
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22.	Sochacka P, Jurczyk MU, Kowalski K, et al. Ultrafine-grained Ti-31Mo-type composites with HA and Ag, Ta₂O₅ or CeO₂ addition for implant applications. Materials (Basel), 2021, 14(3): 644.
23.	Watanabe M, Maeda H, Hashimoto Y, et al. Protein adsorption and cell adhesion behavior of engineering plastics plasticized by supercritical carbon dioxide. Dent Mater J, 2020, 39(6): 1033-1038.
24.	Foroushani FT, Dzobo K, Khumalo NP, et al. Advances in surface modifications of the silicone breast implant and impact on its biocompatibility and biointegration. Biomater Res, 2022, 26(1): 80.
25.	Abaricia JO, Shah AH, Chaubal M, et al. Wnt signaling modulates macrophage polarization and is regulated by biomaterial surface properties. Biomaterials, 2020, 243: 119920.
26.	江瑶, 黎红, 林炯, 等. 不同粗糙度SLA钛形貌对人牙龈成纤维细胞黏附及增殖的影响. 口腔颌面修复学杂志, 2019, 20(2): 81-86.
27.	Dhania S, Rani R, Kumar R, et al. Fabricated polyhydroxyalkanoates blend scaffolds enhance cell viability and cell proliferation. J Biotechnol, 2023, 361: 30-40.
28.	Du H, Chen Z, Gong X, et al. Surface grafting of sericin onto thermoplastic polyurethanes to improve cell adhesion and function. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2023, 34(10): 1382-1397.
29.	Lee JH, Lee SJ, Khang G, et al. The effect of fluid shear stress on endothelial cell adhesiveness to polymer surfaces with wettability gradient. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2000, 230(1): 84-90.
30.	张鹏飞. 不同孔径PGSA支架对羊颞下颌关节盘细胞黏附增殖的影响. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2021.
31.	Brachet A, Bełżek A, Furtak D, et al. Application of 3D printing in bone grafts. Cells, 2023, 12(6): 859.
32.	Voisin M, Ball M, O’Connell C, et al. Osteoblasts response to microstructured and nanostructured polyimide film, processed by the use of silica bead microlenses. Nanomedicine, 2010, 6(1): 35-43.

1. Wang S, Zhao S, Yu J, et al. Advances in translational 3D printing for cartilage, bone, and osteochondral tissue engineering. Small, 2022, 18(36): e2201869.
2. 孙亚迪, 马剑雄, 王岩, 等. 三周期极小曲面骨支架微观结构对支架性能的影响研究进展. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2023, 37(10): 1314-1318.
3. Wei X, Zhou W, Tang Z, et al. Magnesium surface-activated 3D printed porous PEEK scaffolds for in vivo osseointegration by promoting angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Bioact Mater, 2022, 20: 16-28.
4. Lee UL, Yun S, Lee H, et al. Osseointegration of 3D-printed titanium implants with surface and structure modifications. Dent Mater, 2022, 38(10): 1648-1660.
5. Capuana E, Lopresti F, Ceraulo M, et al. Poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA)-based biomaterials for regenerative medicine: a review on processing and applications. Polymers (Basel), 2022, 14(6): 1153.
6. 谌斯, 杜昶. 具有开放孔结构的左旋聚乳酸/卵磷脂多孔支架的制备及成骨性能研究. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2018, 32(9): 1123-1130.
7. Lopez Marquez A, Gareis IE, Dias FJ, et al. How fiber surface topography affects interactions between cells and electrospun scaffolds: a systematic review. Polymers (Basel), 2022, 14(1): 209.
8. 郭西萌, 金莉莉, 李春旺, 等. 等离子体辅助纳米涂层的构建及其成骨性能. 功能高分子学报, 2022, 35(1): 54-60.
9. Hu X, Zhao W, Zhang Z, et al. Novel 3D printed shape-memory PLLA-TMC/GA-TMC scaffolds for bone tissue engineering with the improved mechanical properties and degradability. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2023, 34(1): 251-254.
10. Seddiqi H, Abbasi-Ravasjani S, Saatchi A, et al. Osteogenic activity on NaOH-etched three-dimensional-printed poly-ɛ-caprolactone scaffolds in perfusion or spinner flask bioreactor. J Tissue Eng Part C Methods, 2023, 29(6): 230-241.
11. Cunha W, Carvalho O, Henriques B, et al. Surface modification of zirconia dental implants by laser texturing. Lasers Med Sci, 2022, 37(1): 77-93.
12. Gupta D, Singh AK, Kar N, et al. Modelling and optimization of NaOH-etched 3-D printed PCL for enhanced cellular attachment and growth with minimal loss of mechanical strength. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2019, 98: 602-611.
13. Kang Y, Wang F, Zhang Z, et al. Dissolution and interaction of cellulose carbamate in NaOH/ZnO aqueous solutions. Polymers (Basel). 2021, 13(7): 1092.
14. Dryhval B, Husak Y, Sulaieva O, et al. In vivo safety of new coating for biodegradable magnesium implants. Materials (Basel), 2023, 16(17): 5807.
15. Yoon J, Kim S, Park KH, et al. Biocompatible and oxidation-resistant Ti₃ C₂ T_x MXene with halogen-free surface terminations. Small Methods, 2023, 7(8): e2201579.
16. Momeni S, Safder M, Khondoker MAH, et al. Valorization of hemp hurds as bio-sourced additives in PLA-based biocomposites. Polymers (Basel), 2021, 13(21): 3786.
17. Hulka I, Mirza-Rosca JC, Buzdugan D, et al. Microstructure and mechanical characteristics of Ti-Ta alloys before and after NaOH treatment and their behavior in simulated body fluid. Materials (Basel), 2023, 16(5): 1943.
18. Jaidev LR, Chatterjee K. Surface functionalization of 3D printed polymer scaffolds to augment stem cell response. Materials & Design, 2019, 161: 44-54.
19. Fryń P, Lalik S, Bogdanowicz KA, et al. Degradation of hybrid material l, d-PLA∶5CB∶SWCN under the influence of neutral, acidic, and alkaline environments. RSC Adv, 2023, 13(6): 3792-3806.
20. Schneider M, Fritzsche N, Puciul-Malinowska A, et al. Surface etching of 3D printed poly(lactic acid) with NaOH: A systematic approach. Polymers (Basel), 2020, 12(8): 1711.
21. Al Abdallah H, Abu-Jdayil B, Iqbal MZ. The effect of alkaline treatment on poly (lactic acid)/date palm wood green composites for thermal insulation. Polymers (Basel), 2022, 14(6): 1143.
22. Sochacka P, Jurczyk MU, Kowalski K, et al. Ultrafine-grained Ti-31Mo-type composites with HA and Ag, Ta₂O₅ or CeO₂ addition for implant applications. Materials (Basel), 2021, 14(3): 644.
23. Watanabe M, Maeda H, Hashimoto Y, et al. Protein adsorption and cell adhesion behavior of engineering plastics plasticized by supercritical carbon dioxide. Dent Mater J, 2020, 39(6): 1033-1038.
24. Foroushani FT, Dzobo K, Khumalo NP, et al. Advances in surface modifications of the silicone breast implant and impact on its biocompatibility and biointegration. Biomater Res, 2022, 26(1): 80.
25. Abaricia JO, Shah AH, Chaubal M, et al. Wnt signaling modulates macrophage polarization and is regulated by biomaterial surface properties. Biomaterials, 2020, 243: 119920.
26. 江瑶, 黎红, 林炯, 等. 不同粗糙度SLA钛形貌对人牙龈成纤维细胞黏附及增殖的影响. 口腔颌面修复学杂志, 2019, 20(2): 81-86.
27. Dhania S, Rani R, Kumar R, et al. Fabricated polyhydroxyalkanoates blend scaffolds enhance cell viability and cell proliferation. J Biotechnol, 2023, 361: 30-40.
28. Du H, Chen Z, Gong X, et al. Surface grafting of sericin onto thermoplastic polyurethanes to improve cell adhesion and function. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2023, 34(10): 1382-1397.
29. Lee JH, Lee SJ, Khang G, et al. The effect of fluid shear stress on endothelial cell adhesiveness to polymer surfaces with wettability gradient. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2000, 230(1): 84-90.
30. 张鹏飞. 不同孔径PGSA支架对羊颞下颌关节盘细胞黏附增殖的影响. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2021.
31. Brachet A, Bełżek A, Furtak D, et al. Application of 3D printing in bone grafts. Cells, 2023, 12(6): 859.
32. Voisin M, Ball M, O’Connell C, et al. Osteoblasts response to microstructured and nanostructured polyimide film, processed by the use of silica bead microlenses. Nanomedicine, 2010, 6(1): 35-43.

Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Study on NaOH improving the surface morphology of three-dimensional printed poly-L- lactic acid mesh scaffolds

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