Research progress in three-dimensional-printed bone scaffolds combined with vascularized tissue flaps for segmental bone defect reconstruction_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

DUAN Qida , SHAO Hongyun , LUO Ning , WANG Fuyang , CHENG Liangliang ,  YING Jiawei ,  ZHAO Dewei

Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian Liaoning, 116001, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

YING Jiawei, Email: yingjiawei19@163.com; ZHAO Dewei, Email: zhaodewei2016@163.com

Keywords：

Segmental bone defect; three-dimensional printing; artificial bone scaffold; vascularized tissue flap graft; biomaterial

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202503081

Video：

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Objective To review and summarize the research progress on repairing segmental bone defects using three-dimensional (3D)-printed bone scaffolds combined with vascularized tissue flaps in recent years. Methods Relevant literature was reviewed to summarize the application of 3D printing technology in artificial bone scaffolds made from different biomaterials, as well as methods for repairing segmental bone defects by combining these scaffolds with various vascularized tissue flaps. Results The combination of 3D-printed artificial bone scaffolds with different vascularized tissue flaps has provided new strategies for repairing segmental bone defects. 3D-printed artificial bone scaffolds include 3D-printed polymer scaffolds, bio-ceramic scaffolds, and metal scaffolds. When these scaffolds of different materials are combined with vascularized tissue flaps (e.g., omental flaps, fascial flaps, periosteal flaps, muscular flaps, and bone flaps), they provide blood supply to the inorganic artificial bone scaffolds. After implantation into the defect site, the scaffolds not only achieve structural filling and mechanical support for the bone defect area, but also promote osteogenesis and vascular regeneration. Additionally, the mechanical properties, porous structure, and biocompatibility of the 3D-printed scaffold materials are key factors influencing their osteogenic efficiency. Furthermore, loading the scaffolds with active components such as osteogenic cells and growth factors can synergistically enhance bone defect healing and vascularization processes. Conclusion The repair of segmental bone defects using 3D-printed artificial bone scaffolds combined with vascularized tissue flap transplantation integrates material science technologies with surgical therapeutic approaches, which will significantly improve the clinical treatment outcomes of segmental bone defect repair.

Citation： DUAN Qida, SHAO Hongyun, LUO Ning, WANG Fuyang, CHENG Liangliang, YING Jiawei, ZHAO Dewei. Research progress in three-dimensional-printed bone scaffolds combined with vascularized tissue flaps for segmental bone defect reconstruction. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2025, 39(5): 639-646. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202503081 Copy

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10. Yu H, Xu M, Duan Q, et al. 3D-printed porous tantalum artificial bone scaffolds: fabrication, properties, and applications. Biomed Mater, 2024, 19(4).
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12.
13.
14. Kazemi N, Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi SA, Koupaei N, et al. Incorporation of forsterite nanoparticles in a 3D printed polylactic acid/polyvinylpyrrolidone scaffold for bone tissue regeneration applications. Int J Biol Macromol, 2025, 305(Pt 1): 141046.
15.
16.
17.
18. Wang B, Ye X, Chen G, Zhang Y, Zeng Z, Liu C, et al. Fabrication and properties of PLA/beta-TCP scaffolds using liquid crystal display (LCD) photocuring 3D printing for bone tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2024;12: 1273541.
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67. Finley JM, Acland RD, Wood MB. Revascularized periosteal grafts—a new method to produce functional new bone without bone grafting. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1978, 61(1): 1-6.
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72. Cai X, Xu Y, Yu K, et al. Clinical application of 3-dimensional printed navigation templates in treating femoral head osteonecrosis with pedicled iliac bone graft. Ann Plast Surg, 2020, 84(5S Suppl 3): S230-S234.

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Research progress in three-dimensional-printed bone scaffolds combined with vascularized tissue flaps for segmental bone defect reconstruction

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