Progress in microsurgical repair and reconstruction techniques and development of microsurgery in China_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

 GU Liqiang

Department of Microsurgery, Orthopedic Trauma and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

GU Liqiang, Email: guliqiang1963@aliyun.com

Keywords：

Microsurgical technique; microsurgical repair; microsurgical reconstruction; reconstructive microsurgery; Chinese microsurgery

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202511072

Video：

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The successful replantation of a severed limb by CHEN Zhongwei in 1963 marked the beginning of microsurgery in China. The complete survival of a completely severed finger replantation and the successful free transplantation of the second toe to reconstruct the thumb in 1966, as well as the successful transplantation of a free inguinal skin flap in 1973, were all landmark achievements. The Guangzhou Experience Exchange Conference on Limb Replantation in 1972 and the American Replantation Mission to China in 1973 promoted academic exchanges and technology dissemination both domestically and internationally in China’s microsurgery field. China’s limb (finger) replantation techniques and principles were recognized and promoted worldwide, and Chinese microsurgery developed in step with the world and created many world firsts. Since then, Chinese microsurgery has long been among the advanced academic ranks internationally.

Citation： GU Liqiang. Progress in microsurgical repair and reconstruction techniques and development of microsurgery in China. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2026, 40(1): 14-20. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202511072 Copy

1.	Chen CW, Chien YC, Pao YS. Salvage of the forearm following complete traumatic amputation: report of a case. Chin Med J, 1963, 82(10): 632-638.
2.	屠开元, 徐印坎, 赵定麟, 等. 离断肢体再植术的动物实验. 中华外科杂志, 1962, 10(1): 1-4.
3.	Zhong Wei Chen (1929—2004), Shanghai, CHINA//Terzis JK. History of Microsurgery. 2009: 8-18.
4.	Rice-Wray E. Replacing limbs. Br Med J, 1964, 2(5413): 832-833.
5.	Huang CT, Li PH, Kong GT. Successful restoration of a traumatic amputated leg. Chin Med J, 1965, 84(10): 641-645.
6.	王澍寰, 卢家泽. 兔耳血管吻合的动物实验. 北京医学, 1965, 1(1): 20-22.
7.	卢家泽, 王澍寰. 指动脉吻合术的初步经验. 中华外科杂志, 1965, 13(2): 179-180.
8.	Buncke HJ Jr, Castleton KB, Daniel RK, et al. Replantation surgery in China. Report of the American Replantation Mission to China. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1973, 52(5): 476-489.
9.	上海第一医学院附属华山医院, 中山医院. 游离足趾移植再造拇指//断肢再植经验交流会资料汇编. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 1973: 164-165.
10.	杨东岳, 顾玉东, 吴敏明, 等. 第二趾游离移植再造拇指40例报告. 中华外科杂志, 1977, 15(1): 13-18.
11.	Department of Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital. Reattachment of traumatic amputations: a summing up of experiences. China’s Medicine, 1967, (5): 392-402.
12.	张涤生, 王德昭, 杨增年, 等. 大块皮肤组织瓣游离再植的实验研究. 中华外科杂志, 1965, 13(3): 264-267.
13.	上海第一医学院华山医院口腔外科, 上海第一医学院华山医院手外科. 带血管的游离皮瓣移植修复颊部缺损一例报告. 中华医学杂志, 1974, 54(3): 163-165.
14.	Daniel RK, Taylor GI. Distant transfer of an island flap by microvascular anastomoses. A clinical technique. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1973, 52(2): 111-117.
15.	顾玉东, 吴敏明, 郑忆柳, 等. 臂丛根性撕脱伤的膈神经移位治疗. 中华外科杂志, 1989, 27(7): 433-435.
16.	陈中伟, 杨东岳, 张涤生. 显微外科. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 1978: 74.
17.	1972年广交会对内经验交流会断肢再植经验交流会简况//断肢再植经验交流会资料汇编. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 1973: 261-264.
18.	上海市第六人民医院断肢再植研究室. 断肢及断手指再植的认识和发展. 中华医学杂志, 1973, 53(1): 3-10.
19.	中山医学院附属第一医院外科. 断指再植的一些体会. 中华医学杂志, 1973, 53(6): 335-337.
20.	O’Brien BM. Replantation surgery in China. Med J Aust, 1974, 2(7): 255-259.
21.	北美断肢再植医师代表团应邀来访. 中华医学杂志, 1973, 53(7): 封3.
22.	Buncke GM. History of Microsurgery: The Legacy of Harry J. Buncke, MD. Semin Plast Surg, 2022, 36(4): 211-220.
23.	Ch'en CW. Replantation of severed fingers. Founders lecture read at American Society for Surgery of the Hand Annual Meeting. Dallas, Texas, Jan 16, 1974.
24.	八十九医院. 小儿双断臂再植成功的报告. 人民军医, 1974, (6): 5-9.
25.	Yang KF. Autotransplantation of severed limbs: a case report. J Reconstr Microsurg, 1984, 1(1): 21-24.
26.	裴国献, 李坤德, 陈楚文, 等. 四肢同时离断再植成活一例报告. 中华显微外科杂志, 1991, 14(1): 25-26.
27.	王成琪, 蔡锦方, 范其申. 幼儿断手指再植. 解放军医学杂志, 1982, 7(1): 14-15.
28.	葛竞, 褚晓朝, 王臻, 等. 十指再植全部成活(一例报告). 中华骨科杂志, 1986, 6(6): 401-403.
29.	Lu Y, Ge J, Huang Y, et al. Successful replantation in ten-digit complete amputations. J Reconstr Microsurg, 1988, 4(2): 123-129.
30.	Huang CD, Chow SP, Chan CW. Experince with anastomoses of arteries approximately 0.2 mm in external diameter. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1982, 69(2): 299-305.
31.	黄承达, 周肇平, 陈智荣, 等. 从微细血管结构特点探讨外径0.15~0.3 mm动脉缝合技术. 中华医学杂志, 1982, 62(10): 602-604, 插图40.
32.	张涤生, 王炜, 吴晋宝. 应用第二足趾、足背皮瓣(包括二者合并)修复手部缺损. 上海医学, 1979, 2(5): 10-14.
33.	于仲嘉, 王琰. 手缺损再造一例. 中华医学杂志, 1979, 59(10): 593-595,插图47.
34.	于仲嘉, 何鹤皋, 汤成华. 再造手. 中华医学杂志, 1983, 63(11): 673-675.
35.	Yu ZJ, He HG. Thumb reconstruction with free big toe skin-nail flap and bones, joints, and tendons of the second toe-report of the cases. Chin Med J, 1985, 98(12): 863-867.
36.	上海市第六人民医院断肢再植研究室. 游离肌肉移位再植一例报告. 中华医学杂志, 1975, 55(8): 562-563, 插页46.
37.	Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital. Free muscle transplantation by microsurgical neurovascular anastomoses: report of a case. Chin Med J (Engl), 1976, 2(1): 47-50.
38.	钟世镇, 陶永松, 刘牧之, 等. 肌间隔血管源游离皮瓣的解剖学. 解剖学报, 1982, 13(3): 230-236.
39.	钟世镇. 显微外科解剖学. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 1982.
40.	杨果凡, 陈宝驹, 高玉智, 等. 前臂皮瓣游离移植术(附56例报告). 中华医学杂志, 1981, 61(3): 139-141.
41.	Song R, Gao Y, Song Y, et al. The forearm flap. Clin Plast Surg, 1982, 9(1): 21-26.
42.	Chang TS, Wang W, Hsu CY. The free forearm flap-a report of 25 cases. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 1982, 11(2): 236-240.
43.	Mühlbauer W, Herndl E, Stock W. The forearm flap. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1982, 70(3): 336-344.
44.	Boorman JG, Green MF. A split Chinese forearm flap for simultaneous oral lining and skin cover. Br J Plast Surg, 1986, 39(2): 179-182.
45.	徐达传, 钟世镇, 刘牧之, 等. 股前外侧部皮瓣的解剖学: 一个新的游离皮瓣供区. 临床应用解剖学杂志, 1984, 2(3): 158-160.
46.	Xu DC, Zhong SZ, Kong JM, et al. Applied anatomy of the anterolateral thigh flap. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1988, 82(2): 305-310.
47.	罗力生, 高建华, 陈林峰, 等. 股前外侧皮瓣及其游离移植的应用. 第一军医大学学报, 1984, 4(1-2): 1-4.
48.	Song YG, Chen GZ, Song YL. The free thigh flap: a new free flap concept based on the septocutaneous artery. Br J Plast Surg, 1984, 37(2): 149-159.
49.	陈中伟. 治疗先天性胫骨假关节的新方法——游离腓骨移植12例初步报告. 中华外科杂志, 1979, 17(3): 147-150.
50.	顾玉东. 健侧颈神经根移位术治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤. 中华医学杂志, 1989, 69(10): 563-565.
51.	顾玉东, 张高孟, 陈德松, 等. 健侧颈神经根合并多组神经移位治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤. 中华显微外科杂志, 1991, 14(3): 129-132.
52.	侯春林, 衷鸿宾, 张世民, 等. 建立膀胱人工反射弧恢复脊髓损伤患者排尿功能的初步报告. 第二军医大学学报, 2000, 21(1): 87-89.
53.	侯春林. 脊髓损伤后膀胱功能重建. 2版. 北京: 人民军医出版社, 2012.
54.	Zheng MX, Hua XY, Feng JT, et al. Trial of contralateral seventh cervical nerve transfer for spastic arm paralysis. New Engl J Med, 2018, 378(1): 22-34.
55.	Hacquebord J, Berger A, Jones N. The role of international traveling fellowships in train the contemporary US hand surgeon. J Hand Surg (Am), 2021, 46(2): 142-145.
56.	卢鸿瑞, 谭云飞, 谢庆平. 3D 脱目镜下行颈深淋巴管-静脉引流术治疗老年认知障碍患者一例疗效初步观察. 中华显微外科杂志, 2022, 45(5): 570-574.

1. Chen CW, Chien YC, Pao YS. Salvage of the forearm following complete traumatic amputation: report of a case. Chin Med J, 1963, 82(10): 632-638.
2. 屠开元, 徐印坎, 赵定麟, 等. 离断肢体再植术的动物实验. 中华外科杂志, 1962, 10(1): 1-4.
3. Zhong Wei Chen (1929—2004), Shanghai, CHINA//Terzis JK. History of Microsurgery. 2009: 8-18.
4. Rice-Wray E. Replacing limbs. Br Med J, 1964, 2(5413): 832-833.
5. Huang CT, Li PH, Kong GT. Successful restoration of a traumatic amputated leg. Chin Med J, 1965, 84(10): 641-645.
6. 王澍寰, 卢家泽. 兔耳血管吻合的动物实验. 北京医学, 1965, 1(1): 20-22.
7. 卢家泽, 王澍寰. 指动脉吻合术的初步经验. 中华外科杂志, 1965, 13(2): 179-180.
8. Buncke HJ Jr, Castleton KB, Daniel RK, et al. Replantation surgery in China. Report of the American Replantation Mission to China. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1973, 52(5): 476-489.
9. 上海第一医学院附属华山医院, 中山医院. 游离足趾移植再造拇指//断肢再植经验交流会资料汇编. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 1973: 164-165.
10. 杨东岳, 顾玉东, 吴敏明, 等. 第二趾游离移植再造拇指40例报告. 中华外科杂志, 1977, 15(1): 13-18.
11. Department of Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital. Reattachment of traumatic amputations: a summing up of experiences. China’s Medicine, 1967, (5): 392-402.
12. 张涤生, 王德昭, 杨增年, 等. 大块皮肤组织瓣游离再植的实验研究. 中华外科杂志, 1965, 13(3): 264-267.
13. 上海第一医学院华山医院口腔外科, 上海第一医学院华山医院手外科. 带血管的游离皮瓣移植修复颊部缺损一例报告. 中华医学杂志, 1974, 54(3): 163-165.
14. Daniel RK, Taylor GI. Distant transfer of an island flap by microvascular anastomoses. A clinical technique. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1973, 52(2): 111-117.
15. 顾玉东, 吴敏明, 郑忆柳, 等. 臂丛根性撕脱伤的膈神经移位治疗. 中华外科杂志, 1989, 27(7): 433-435.
16. 陈中伟, 杨东岳, 张涤生. 显微外科. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 1978: 74.
17. 1972年广交会对内经验交流会断肢再植经验交流会简况//断肢再植经验交流会资料汇编. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 1973: 261-264.
18. 上海市第六人民医院断肢再植研究室. 断肢及断手指再植的认识和发展. 中华医学杂志, 1973, 53(1): 3-10.
19. 中山医学院附属第一医院外科. 断指再植的一些体会. 中华医学杂志, 1973, 53(6): 335-337.
20. O’Brien BM. Replantation surgery in China. Med J Aust, 1974, 2(7): 255-259.
21. 北美断肢再植医师代表团应邀来访. 中华医学杂志, 1973, 53(7): 封3.
22. Buncke GM. History of Microsurgery: The Legacy of Harry J. Buncke, MD. Semin Plast Surg, 2022, 36(4): 211-220.
23. Ch'en CW. Replantation of severed fingers. Founders lecture read at American Society for Surgery of the Hand Annual Meeting. Dallas, Texas, Jan 16, 1974.
24. 八十九医院. 小儿双断臂再植成功的报告. 人民军医, 1974, (6): 5-9.
25. Yang KF. Autotransplantation of severed limbs: a case report. J Reconstr Microsurg, 1984, 1(1): 21-24.
26. 裴国献, 李坤德, 陈楚文, 等. 四肢同时离断再植成活一例报告. 中华显微外科杂志, 1991, 14(1): 25-26.
27. 王成琪, 蔡锦方, 范其申. 幼儿断手指再植. 解放军医学杂志, 1982, 7(1): 14-15.
28. 葛竞, 褚晓朝, 王臻, 等. 十指再植全部成活(一例报告). 中华骨科杂志, 1986, 6(6): 401-403.
29. Lu Y, Ge J, Huang Y, et al. Successful replantation in ten-digit complete amputations. J Reconstr Microsurg, 1988, 4(2): 123-129.
30. Huang CD, Chow SP, Chan CW. Experince with anastomoses of arteries approximately 0.2 mm in external diameter. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1982, 69(2): 299-305.
31. 黄承达, 周肇平, 陈智荣, 等. 从微细血管结构特点探讨外径0.15~0.3 mm动脉缝合技术. 中华医学杂志, 1982, 62(10): 602-604, 插图40.
32. 张涤生, 王炜, 吴晋宝. 应用第二足趾、足背皮瓣(包括二者合并)修复手部缺损. 上海医学, 1979, 2(5): 10-14.
33. 于仲嘉, 王琰. 手缺损再造一例. 中华医学杂志, 1979, 59(10): 593-595,插图47.
34. 于仲嘉, 何鹤皋, 汤成华. 再造手. 中华医学杂志, 1983, 63(11): 673-675.
35. Yu ZJ, He HG. Thumb reconstruction with free big toe skin-nail flap and bones, joints, and tendons of the second toe-report of the cases. Chin Med J, 1985, 98(12): 863-867.
36. 上海市第六人民医院断肢再植研究室. 游离肌肉移位再植一例报告. 中华医学杂志, 1975, 55(8): 562-563, 插页46.
37. Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital. Free muscle transplantation by microsurgical neurovascular anastomoses: report of a case. Chin Med J (Engl), 1976, 2(1): 47-50.
38. 钟世镇, 陶永松, 刘牧之, 等. 肌间隔血管源游离皮瓣的解剖学. 解剖学报, 1982, 13(3): 230-236.
39. 钟世镇. 显微外科解剖学. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 1982.
40. 杨果凡, 陈宝驹, 高玉智, 等. 前臂皮瓣游离移植术(附56例报告). 中华医学杂志, 1981, 61(3): 139-141.
41. Song R, Gao Y, Song Y, et al. The forearm flap. Clin Plast Surg, 1982, 9(1): 21-26.
42. Chang TS, Wang W, Hsu CY. The free forearm flap-a report of 25 cases. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 1982, 11(2): 236-240.
43. Mühlbauer W, Herndl E, Stock W. The forearm flap. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1982, 70(3): 336-344.
44. Boorman JG, Green MF. A split Chinese forearm flap for simultaneous oral lining and skin cover. Br J Plast Surg, 1986, 39(2): 179-182.
45. 徐达传, 钟世镇, 刘牧之, 等. 股前外侧部皮瓣的解剖学: 一个新的游离皮瓣供区. 临床应用解剖学杂志, 1984, 2(3): 158-160.
46. Xu DC, Zhong SZ, Kong JM, et al. Applied anatomy of the anterolateral thigh flap. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1988, 82(2): 305-310.
47. 罗力生, 高建华, 陈林峰, 等. 股前外侧皮瓣及其游离移植的应用. 第一军医大学学报, 1984, 4(1-2): 1-4.
48. Song YG, Chen GZ, Song YL. The free thigh flap: a new free flap concept based on the septocutaneous artery. Br J Plast Surg, 1984, 37(2): 149-159.
49. 陈中伟. 治疗先天性胫骨假关节的新方法——游离腓骨移植12例初步报告. 中华外科杂志, 1979, 17(3): 147-150.
50. 顾玉东. 健侧颈神经根移位术治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤. 中华医学杂志, 1989, 69(10): 563-565.
51. 顾玉东, 张高孟, 陈德松, 等. 健侧颈神经根合并多组神经移位治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤. 中华显微外科杂志, 1991, 14(3): 129-132.
52. 侯春林, 衷鸿宾, 张世民, 等. 建立膀胱人工反射弧恢复脊髓损伤患者排尿功能的初步报告. 第二军医大学学报, 2000, 21(1): 87-89.
53. 侯春林. 脊髓损伤后膀胱功能重建. 2版. 北京: 人民军医出版社, 2012.
54. Zheng MX, Hua XY, Feng JT, et al. Trial of contralateral seventh cervical nerve transfer for spastic arm paralysis. New Engl J Med, 2018, 378(1): 22-34.
55. Hacquebord J, Berger A, Jones N. The role of international traveling fellowships in train the contemporary US hand surgeon. J Hand Surg (Am), 2021, 46(2): 142-145.
56. 卢鸿瑞, 谭云飞, 谢庆平. 3D 脱目镜下行颈深淋巴管-静脉引流术治疗老年认知障碍患者一例疗效初步观察. 中华显微外科杂志, 2022, 45(5): 570-574.

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