1. |
Sibbald B, Roland M. Understanding controlled trials. Why are randomised controlled trials important? BMJ, 1998, 316(7126): 201.
|
2. |
王心旺. 科研设计与统计分析系列讲座4: 基于疗效评价的随机对照试验. 中华生物医学工程杂志, 2022, 28(4): 455-458.Wang XW. Research design and statistical analysis lecture 4: Randomized controlled trials based on efficacy evaluation. Chin J Biomed Eng, 2022, 28(4): 455-458.
|
3. |
Dahabreh IJ, Bibbins-Domingo K. Causal inference about the effects of interventions from observational studies in medical journals. JAMA, 2024, 331(21): 1845-1853.
|
4. |
Baum M. Reflections on randomised controlled trials in surgery. Lancet, 1999, 353(Suppl 1): 353-351.
|
5. |
Kennedy-Martin T, Curtis S, Faries D, et al. A literature review on the representativeness of randomized controlled trial samples and implications for the external validity of trial results. Trials, 2015, 16: 495.
|
6. |
Wang SV, Schneeweiss S, Gagne JJ, et al. Using real-world data to extrapolate evidence from randomized controlled trials. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2019, 105(5): 1156-1163.
|
7. |
Ramchurn TP, Nundy S. Randomised clinical trials in surgery: Are we at a crossroads? Ann Med Surg (Lond), 2023, 86(1): 3-6.
|
8. |
McCulloch P, Taylor I, Sasako M, et al. Randomised trials in surgery: Problems and possible solutions. BMJ, 2002, 324(7351): 1448-1451.
|
9. |
Pronk AJM, Roelofs A, Flum DR, et al. Two decades of surgical randomized controlled trials: Worldwide trends in volume and methodological quality. Br J Surg, 2023, 110(10): 1300-1308.
|
10. |
Belot A, Fowler H, Njagi EN, et al. Association between age, deprivation and specific comorbid conditions and the receipt of major surgery in patients with non-small cell lung cancer in England: A population-based study. Thorax, 2019, 74(1): 51-59.
|
11. |
Antoine A, Pérol D, Robain M, et al. Target trial emulation to assess real-world efficacy in the epidemiological strategy and medical economics metastatic breast cancer cohort. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2023, 115(8): 971-980.
|
12. |
Kirkegård J, Gaber C, Heide-Jørgensen U, et al. Effect of surgery versus chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer patients: A target trial emulation. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2024, 116(7): 1072-1079.
|
13. |
Jafarzadeh SR, Neogi T. Causal inference from observational data and target trial emulation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2022, 30(11): 1415-1417.
|
14. |
Madenci AL, Wanis KN, Cooper Z, et al. Comparison of mortality risk with different surgeon and hospital operative volumes among individuals undergoing pancreatectomy by emulating target trials in US medicare beneficiaries. JAMA Netw Open, 2022, 5(3): e221766.
|
15. |
Gerstein HC, McMurray J, Holman RR. Real-world studies no substitute for RCTs in establishing efficacy. Lancet, 2019, 393(10168): 210-211.
|
16. |
Haukoos JS, Lewis RJ. The propensity score. JAMA, 2015, 314(15): 1637-1638.
|
17. |
Danaei G, Tavakkoli M, Hernán MA. Bias in observational studies of prevalent users: Lessons for comparative effectiveness research from a meta-analysis of statins. Am J Epidemiol, 2012, 175(4): 250-262.
|
18. |
Dickerman BA, García-Albéniz X, Logan RW, et al. Avoidable flaws in observational analyses: An application to statins and cancer. Nat Med, 2019, 25(10): 1601-1606.
|
19. |
Hammerton G, Munafò MR. Causal inference with observational data: The need for triangulation of evidence. Psychol Med, 2021, 51(4): 563-578.
|
20. |
Hernán MA, Wang W, Leaf DE. Target trial emulation: A framework for causal inference from observational data. JAMA, 2022, 328(24): 2446-2447.
|
21. |
Tompsett D, Zylbersztejn A, Hardelid P, et al. Target trial emulation and bias through missing eligibility data: An application to a study of palivizumab for the prevention of hospitalization due to infant respiratory illness. Am J Epidemiol, 2023, 192(4): 600-611.
|
22. |
Matthews AA, Young JC, Kurth T. The target trial framework in clinical epidemiology: Principles and applications. J Clin Epidemiol, 2023, 164: 112-115,164.
|
23. |
Bakker LJ, Goossens LMA, O'kane MJ, et al. Analysing electronic health records: The benefits of target trial emulation. Health Policy and Technology, 2021, 10(3): 100545.
|
24. |
Shin JI, Grams ME. Trial emulation methods. Am J Kidney Dis, 2024, 83(2): 264-267.
|
25. |
Fu EL. Target trial emulation to improve causal inference from observational data: What, why, and how? J Am Soc Nephrol, 2023, 34(8): 1305-1314.
|
26. |
Hernán MA, Robins JM. Using big data to emulate a target trial when a randomized trial is not available. Am J Epidemiol, 2016, 183(8): 758-764.
|
27. |
Murray EJ, Caniglia EC, Petito LC. Causal survival analysis: A guide to estimating intention-to-treat and per-protocol effects from randomized clinical trials with non-adherence. Res Meth Med Health Sci, 2021, 2(1): 39-49.
|
28. |
Groenwold RHH. Trial emulation and real-world evidence. JAMA Netw Open, 2021, 4(3): e213845.
|
29. |
Didelez V. Commentary: Should the analysis of observational data always be preceded by specifying a target experimental trial? Int J Epidemiol, 2016, 45(6): 2049-2051.
|
30. |
Xie Y, Bowe B, Al-Aly Z. Molnupiravir and risk of hospital admission or death in adults with covid-19: Emulation of a randomized target trial using electronic health records. BMJ, 2023, 380: e072705.
|
31. |
Smith LH. Bias bounds and target trials for causal inference in observational epidemiology . Harvard University, 2021.
|
32. |
Kuehne F, Arvandi M, Hess LM, et al. Causal analyses with target trial emulation for real-world evidence removed large self-inflicted biases: Systematic bias assessment of ovarian cancer treatment effectiveness. J Clin Epidemiol, 2022, 152: 269-280.
|
33. |
Hammer GP, du Prel JB, Blettner M. Avoiding bias in observational studies: Part 8 in a series of articles on evaluation of scientific publications. Dtsch Arztebl Int, 2009, 106(41): 664-668.
|
34. |
Wakabayashi R, Hirano T, Laurent T, et al. Impact of "time zero" of follow-up settings in a comparative effectiveness study using real-world data with a non-user comparator: comparison of six different settings. Drugs Real World Outcomes, 2023, 10(1): 107-117.
|
35. |
Lévesque LE, Hanley JA, Kezouh A, et al. Problem of immortal time bias in cohort studies: Example using statins for preventing progression of diabetes. BMJ, 2010, 340: b5087.
|
36. |
Yadav K, Lewis RJ. Immortal time bias in observational studies. JAMA, 2021, 325(7): 686-687.
|
37. |
Maringe C, Benitez Majano S, Exarchakou A, et al. Reflection on modern methods: Trial emulation in the presence of immortal-time bias. Assessing the benefit of major surgery for elderly lung cancer patients using observational data. Int J Epidemiol, 2020, 49(5): 1719-1729.
|
38. |
Hernán MA, Sauer BC, Hernández-Díaz S, et al. Specifying a target trial prevents immortal time bias and other self-inflicted injuries in observational analyses. J Clin Epidemiol, 2016, 79: 70-75.
|
39. |
Jakobsen JC, Gluud C, Wetterslev J, et al. When and how should multiple imputation be used for handling missing data in randomised clinical trials—A practical guide with flowcharts. BMC Med Res Methodol, 2017, 17(1): 162.
|
40. |
Holmberg M J, Andersen L W. Collider bias. JAMA, 2022, 327(13): 1282-1283.
|
41. |
Dickerman BA, García-Albéniz X, Logan RW, et al. Evaluating metformin strategies for cancer prevention: A target trial emulation using electronic health records. Epidemiology, 2023, 34(5): 690-699.
|
42. |
Bosch NA, Teja B, Law AC, et al. Comparative effectiveness of fludrocortisone and hydrocortisone vs. hydrocortisone alone among patients with septic shock. JAMA Intern Med, 2023, 183(5): 451-459.
|
43. |
Akenroye AT, Segal JB, Zhou G, et al. Comparative effectiveness of omalizumab, mepolizumab, and dupilumab in asthma: A target trial emulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2023, 151(5): 1269-1276.
|
44. |
Zang C, Zhang H, Xu J, et al. High-throughput target trial emulation for Alzheimer's disease drug repurposing with real-world data. Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1): 8180.
|
45. |
Hernández-Díaz S, Huybrechts KF, Chiu YH, et al. Emulating a target trial of interventions initiated during pregnancy with healthcare databases: The example of COVID-19 vaccination. Epidemiology, 2023, 34(2): 238-246.
|
46. |
Bajema KL, Berry K, Streja E, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 treatment with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir or molnupiravir among U. S. veterans: Target trial emulation studies with one-month and six-month outcomes. Ann Intern Med, 2023, 176(6): 807-816.
|
47. |
Gupta S, Wang W, Hayek SS, et al. Association between early treatment with tocilizumab and mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med, 2021, 181(1): 41-51.
|
48. |
REMAP-CAP Investigators; Gordon AC, Mouncey PR, Al-Beidh F, et al. Interleukin-6 receptor antagonists in critically ill patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 2021, 384(16): 1491-1502.
|
49. |
Chiu YH, Chavarro JE, Dickerman BA, et al. Estimating the effect of nutritional interventions using observational data: The American Heart Association's 2020 Dietary Goals and mortality. Am J Clin Nutr, 2021, 114(2): 690-703.
|
50. |
Rojas-Saunero LP, Labrecque JA, Swanson SA. Invited commentary: Conducting and emulating trials to study effects of social interventions. Am J Epidemiol, 2022, 191(8): 1453-1456.
|
51. |
Swanson SA, Tiemeier H, Ikram MA, et al. Nature as a trialist? Deconstructing the analogy between mendelian randomization and randomized trials. Epidemiology, 2017, 28(5): 653-659.
|
52. |
Rasouli B, Chubak J, Floyd JS, et al. Combining high quality data with rigorous methods: Emulation of a target trial using electronic health records and a nested case-control design. BMJ, 2023, 383: e072346.
|
53. |
Dickerman BA, García-Albéniz X, Logan RW, et al. Emulating a target trial in case-control designs: An application to statins and colorectal cancer. Int J Epidemiol, 2020, 49(5): 1637-1646.
|
54. |
Lazzati A, Epaud S, Ortala M, et al. Effect of bariatric surgery on cancer risk: Results from an emulated target trial using population-based data. Br J Surg, 2022, 109(5): 433-438.
|
55. |
Lyu B, Chan MR, Yevzlin AS, et al. Arteriovenous access type and risk of mortality, hospitalization, and sepsis among elderly hemodialysis patients: A target trial emulation approach. Am J Kidney Dis, 2022, 79(1): 69-78.
|
56. |
Heil TC, Verdaasdonk EGG, Maas HAAM, et al. Improved postoperative outcomes after prehabilitation for colorectal cancer surgery in older patients: An emulated target trial. Ann Surg Oncol, 2023, 30(1): 244-254.
|
57. |
Corre F, Albouys J, Tran VT, et al. Impact of surgery after endoscopically resected high-risk T1 colorectal cancer: Results of an emulated target trial. Gastrointest Endosc, 2024, 99(3): 408-416.
|
58. |
Reitblat C, Fleishman A, Kaplan IA, et al. Radical prostatectomy versus external beam radiation therapy for high-grade, clinically localized prostate cancer: Emulation of a target clinical trial. Urol Oncol, 2021, 39(11): 785. e1-785. e10.
|
59. |
Adler AI, Latimer NR. Adjusting for nonadherence or stopping treatments in randomized clinical trials. JAMA, 2021, 325(20): 2110-2111.
|
60. |
Zhou Y, Liu Y, Jiang L, et al. Azvudine and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir in hospitalized patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19: Emulation of a randomized target trial. J Med Virol, 2023, 95(12): e29318.
|
61. |
Côté P, Negrini S, Donzelli S, et al. Introduction to target trial emulation in rehabilitation: A systematic approach to emulate a randomized controlled trial using observational data. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 2024, 60(1): 145-153.
|
62. |
Hansford HJ, Cashin AG, Jones MD, et al. Reporting of observational studies explicitly aiming to emulate randomized trials: A systematic review. JAMA Netw Open, 2023, 6(9): e2336023.
|
63. |
Wirth KE, Edwards JK, Feinstein L, et al. When emulating a trial, do as the trialists do: Missteps in estimating relative effectiveness of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine booster dose. Clin Infect Dis, 2023, 76(1): 176-177.
|
64. |
Pearce N, Vandenbroucke JP. Are target trial emulations the gold standard for observational studies? Epidemiology, 2023, 34(5): 614-618.
|
65. |
De Stavola BL, Gomes M, Katsoulis M. Transparency and tigor: Target trial emulation aims to achieve both. Epidemiology, 2023, 34(5): 624-626.
|