Chinese expert consensus on uniportal thoracoscopic minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma (2025 edition)_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

 YUAN Yong ¹ , XIAO Xin ¹ , YANG Yushang ¹ , SHANG Qixin ¹ , FANG Weimin ² , KANG Xiaozheng ³ , Chinese Society for Diseases of the Esophagus , Young Committee of Chinese Society for Diseases of the Esophagus

1. Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China;
2. Department of Thoracic Surgical Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, P. R. China;
3. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

YUAN Yong, Email: yongyuan@scu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Esophageal neoplasms; uniportal thoracoscopy; minimally invasive esophagectomy; surgical treatment; expert consensus

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202508056

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

With the continuous advancement and development of minimally invasive techniques, uniportal thoracoscopic minimally invasive esophagectomy (UTMIE) has gradually expanded its application in the surgical treatment of esophageal cancer due to its significant advantages, including minimal trauma, aesthetically pleasing incisions, and reduced postoperative pain. This consensus is based on the latest evidence-based medical data from both domestically and internationally, combined with extensive clinical practice experiences from numerous experts. It systematically reviews and summarizes the indications, key technical points, learning curve characteristics, perioperative management strategies, as well as prevention and management of complications associated with UTMIE. To ensure the scientific rigor and authority of this consensus, a total of 83 experts in the field were invited to participate in multiple rounds of Delphi surveys for in-depth discussion and consultation. Ultimately, 24 recommendations were formulated to guide the standardized application of UTMIE in clinical practice. The aim of this consensus is to standardize and guide the clinical implementation of UTMIE, ensuring safety and efficacy while promoting more efficient and widespread development of this surgical approach.

Citation： YUAN Yong, XIAO Xin, YANG Yushang, SHANG Qixin, FANG Weimin, KANG Xiaozheng, Chinese Society for Diseases of the Esophagus, Young Committee of Chinese Society for Diseases of the Esophagus. Chinese expert consensus on uniportal thoracoscopic minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma (2025 edition). Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2025, 32(10): 1351-1359. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.202508056 Copy

1.	Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2024, 74(3): 229-263.
2.	Xiao X, Yang YS, Zeng XX, et al. The comparisons of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal squamous cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2022, 62(1): ezac341.
3.	Li X, Chen L, Luan S, et al. The development and progress of nanomedicine for esophageal cancer diagnosis and treatment. Semin Cancer Biol, 2022, 86(Pt 2): 873-885.
4.	Yang Y, Li Y, Yu H, et al. Comprehensive landscape of resistance mechanisms for neoadjuvant therapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by single-cell transcriptomics. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2023, 8(1): 298.
5.	Lagergren J, Smyth E, Cunningham D, et al. Oesophageal cancer. Lancet, 2017, 390(10110): 2383-2396.
6.	Low DE, Alderson D, Cecconello I, et al. International consensus on standardization of data collection for complications associated with esophagectomy: Esophagectomy Complications Consensus Group (ECCG). Ann Surg, 2015, 262(2): 286-294.
7.	Wang BY, Lin CH, Wu SC, et al. Survival comparison between open and thoracoscopic upfront esophagectomy in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Surg, 2023, 277(1): e53-e60.
8.	Lee JM, Yang SM, Yang PW, et al. Single-incision laparo-thoracoscopic minimally invasive oesophagectomy to treat oesophageal cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2016, 49 Suppl 1: i59-i63.
9.	刘清松, 胡伟鹏, 陈龙奇, 等. 单孔胸腔镜食管癌切除术的现状与进展. 中华消化外科杂志, 2018, 17(8): 800-803.Liu QS, Hu WP, Chen LQ, et al. Current status and advances of uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy. Chin J Dig Surg, 2018, 17(8): 800-803.
10.	景城阳, 刘瑞雪, 褚红玲, 等. 医学研究领域德尔菲法实施和报告标准 (CREDES)解读. 中国循证医学杂志, 2023, 23(2): 233-239.Jing CY Liu RX, Chu HL, et al. Interpretation of standards for conducting and reporting Delphi studies (CREDES) inhealthcare research. Chin J Evid Based Med, 2023, 23(2): 233-239.
11.	Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ, 2008, 336(7650): 924-926.
12.	中国临床肿瘤学会指南工作委员会. 食管癌诊疗指南. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2024: 45.Guideline Working Committee of the Chinese Clinical Oncology Society. Esophageal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 2024: 45.
13.	Xiao X, Luan SY, Zhang SH, et al. The comparison of uniportal versus multiportal video-assisted thoracic surgery for esophageal cancer: a propensity-weighted analysis. Surg Endosc, 2025, 39(3): 1730-1739.
14.	Aslan S, Tiryaki GG, Pashayev J, et al. Uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery esophagectomy outcomes in 40 consecutive patients. Interdiscip Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2023, 36(5): ivad034.
15.	薛亚斌, 吕红博, 瓦热斯江·依不拉音, 等. 微创McKeown食管鳞癌根治术学习曲线特点及喉返神经旁淋巴结清扫对疗效的影响. 中华消化外科杂志, 2018, 17(8): 825-829.Xue YB, Lyu HB, Waresijiang YBLY, et al. Learning curve characteristics of Mckeown-type minimally invasive esophagectomy and effects of the para-recurrent laryngeal nerve lymphadenectomy on efficacy. Chin J Dig Surg, 2018, 17(8): 825-829.
16.	van Workum F, Stenstra MHBC, Berkelmans GHK, et al. Learning curve and associated morbidity of minimally invasive esophagectomy: a retrospective multicenter study. Ann Surg, 2019, 269(1): 88-94.
17.	Prasad P, Wallace L, Navidi M, et al. Learning curves in minimally invasive esophagectomy: a systematic review and evaluation of benchmarking parameters. Surgery, 2022, 171(5): 1247-1256.
18.	Nachira D, Congedo MT, Calabrese G, et al. Uniportal-VATS vs. open McKeown esophagectomy: Surgical and long-term oncological outcomes. Front Surg, 2023, 10: 1103101.
19.	Li B, Wang Z, Sun Y, et al. Ten-year survivals of right thoracic vs left thoracic approach for esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2025, 119(3): 643-650.
20.	Li B, Hu H, Zhang Y, et al. Extended right thoracic approach compared with limited left thoracic approach for patients with middle and lower esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: three-year survival of a prospective, randomized, open-label trial. Ann Surg, 2018, 267(5): 826-832.
21.	刘波, 邱明链, 冯志, 等. 单孔腹腔镜联合胸腔镜行食管癌McKeown术的临床应用分析. 中华医学杂志, 2021, 101(29): 2316-2321.Liu B, Qiu ML, Feng Z, et al. Clinical application and analysis of single-port laparoscopic and thoracoscopic McKeown esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Natl Med J China, 2021, 101(29): 2316-2321.
22.	Lv W, Zeng G, Wu W, et al. Application of single-port video-assisted thoracoscope in treating thoracic oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma using McKeown approach. J Minim Access Surg, 2018, 14(2): 105-110.
23.	赫捷. 食管癌微创外科手术教程. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2016: 69.He J. Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques for Esophageal Cancer. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 2016: 69.
24.	Herbella FAM, Patti MG. 食管手术技术图解 (第2版). 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 2024: 138.Herbella FAM, Patti MG. Atlas of Esophageal Surgery (2nd ed. ). Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers, 2024: 138.
25.	陈龙奇, 袁勇. 胸外科基本操作规范与实践. 长沙: 中南大学出版社, 2018: 44.Chen LQ, Yuan Y. Basic Operation Standards and Practice in Thoracic Surgery. Changsha: Central South University Press, 2018: 44.
26.	Weng G, Su W, Fiorelli A, et al. Single-port compared to multi-port video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy: a propensity-matched study. J Thorac Dis, 2025, 17(3): 1626-1635.
27.	Zheng F, Yang J, Zhang J, et al. Efficacy and complications of single-port thoracoscopic minimally invasive esophagectomy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a single-center experience. Sci Rep, 2023, 13(1): 16325.
28.	Wang Q, Ping W, Cai Y, et al. Modified McKeown procedure with uniportal thoracoscope for upper or middle esophageal cancer: initial experience and preliminary results. J Thorac Dis, 2019, 11(11): 4501-4506.
29.	Nachira D, Meacci E, Mastromarino MG, et al. Initial experience with uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery esophagectomy. J Thorac Dis, 2018, 10(Suppl 31): S3686-S3695.
30.	肖鑫, 栾思源, 杨玉赏, 等. 锥形管状胃联合颈部端端分层吻合在胸腹腔镜食管癌切除术中的应用价值. 中华消化外科杂志, 2019, 18(6): 542-548.Xiao X, Luan SY, Yang YS, et al. Application value of cone-shaped gastric tube combined with cervical end-to-end anastomosis in thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Chin J Dig Surg, 2019, 18(6): 542-548.
31.	Zheng X, Yang YS, Hu WP, et al. Coniform gastric tube for end-to-end anastomosis during minimally invasive McKeown esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2020, 109(4): e297-e300.
32.	Hu W, Yuan Y, Chen L. Single-port thoracoscopic minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. World J Surg, 2019, 43(2): 567-570.
33.	Lee JM, Chen SC, Yang SM, et al. Comparison of single- and multi-incision minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) for treating esophageal cancer: a propensity-matched study. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(7): 2925-2931.
34.	Ajani JA, D'Amico TA, Bentrem DJ, et al. Esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers, version 2. 2023, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2023, 21(4): 393-422.
35.	Hagens ERC, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Gisbertz SS. Distribution of lymph node metastases in esophageal carcinoma patients undergoing upfront surgery: a systematic review. Cancers (Basel), 2020, 12(6): 1592.
36.	程超, 肖鑫, 栾思源, 等. 食管癌淋巴结清扫范围. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2023, 26(4): 319-324.Cheng C, Xiao X, Luan SY, et al. Extent of lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer. Chin J Gastrointest Surg, 2023, 26(4): 319-324.
37.	Yang H, Wang J, Huang Q, et al. Intraoperative ultrasonography for the identification of thoracic recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph nodes in patients with esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus, 2016, 29(2): 152-158.
38.	Zhong D, Zhou Y, Li Y, et al. Intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring: a useful method for patients with esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus, 2014, 27(5): 444-451.
39.	Malassagne B, Tiret E, Duprez D, et al. Prognostic value of thoracic recurrent nerve nodal involvement in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg, 1997, 185(3): 244-249.
40.	Tabira Y, Yasunaga M, Tanaka M, et al. Recurrent nerve nodal involvement is associated with cervical nodal metastasis in thoracic esophageal carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg, 2000, 191(3): 232-237.
41.	袁立功, 毛友生. 食管癌喉返神经旁淋巴结清扫的价值及相关并发症. 中华肿瘤杂志, 2022, 44(7): 712-716.Yuan LG, Mao YS. The value and related complications of lymph node dissection along bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerves in esophageal cancer patients. Chin J Oncol, 2022, 44(7): 712-716.
42.	袁勇, 陈龙奇. 食管癌手术中食管胃吻合技术的选择及疗效评价. 中华消化外科杂志, 2017, 16(5): 454-458.Yuan Y, Chen LQ. Choice and efficacy evaluation of esophagogastric anastomosis in esophagectomy of esophageal cancer. Chin J Dig Surg, 2017, 16(5): 454-458.
43.	Ge QY, Wu YH, Cong ZZ, et al. Comparison of the clinical outcomes after esophagectomy between intrathoracic anastomosis and cervical anastomosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Surg, 2022, 22(1): 417.
44.	van Workum F, Verstegen MHP, Klarenbeek BR, et al. Intrathoracic vs cervical anastomosis after totally or hybrid minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg, 2021, 156(7): 601-610.
45.	Li K, Lu S, Jiang L, et al. Long-term outcomes of intrathoracic versus cervical anastomosis after esophagectomy: a large-scale propensity score matching analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2025, 170(2): 391-404.
46.	Chen YH, Huang PM, Chen KC, et al. Long-term results of single- and multi-incision minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: experience of 348 cases. Biomedicines, 2025, 13(7): 1523.

1. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2024, 74(3): 229-263.
2. Xiao X, Yang YS, Zeng XX, et al. The comparisons of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal squamous cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2022, 62(1): ezac341.
3. Li X, Chen L, Luan S, et al. The development and progress of nanomedicine for esophageal cancer diagnosis and treatment. Semin Cancer Biol, 2022, 86(Pt 2): 873-885.
4. Yang Y, Li Y, Yu H, et al. Comprehensive landscape of resistance mechanisms for neoadjuvant therapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by single-cell transcriptomics. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2023, 8(1): 298.
5. Lagergren J, Smyth E, Cunningham D, et al. Oesophageal cancer. Lancet, 2017, 390(10110): 2383-2396.
6. Low DE, Alderson D, Cecconello I, et al. International consensus on standardization of data collection for complications associated with esophagectomy: Esophagectomy Complications Consensus Group (ECCG). Ann Surg, 2015, 262(2): 286-294.
7. Wang BY, Lin CH, Wu SC, et al. Survival comparison between open and thoracoscopic upfront esophagectomy in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Surg, 2023, 277(1): e53-e60.
8. Lee JM, Yang SM, Yang PW, et al. Single-incision laparo-thoracoscopic minimally invasive oesophagectomy to treat oesophageal cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2016, 49 Suppl 1: i59-i63.
9. 刘清松, 胡伟鹏, 陈龙奇, 等. 单孔胸腔镜食管癌切除术的现状与进展. 中华消化外科杂志, 2018, 17(8): 800-803.Liu QS, Hu WP, Chen LQ, et al. Current status and advances of uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy. Chin J Dig Surg, 2018, 17(8): 800-803.
10. 景城阳, 刘瑞雪, 褚红玲, 等. 医学研究领域德尔菲法实施和报告标准 (CREDES)解读. 中国循证医学杂志, 2023, 23(2): 233-239.Jing CY Liu RX, Chu HL, et al. Interpretation of standards for conducting and reporting Delphi studies (CREDES) inhealthcare research. Chin J Evid Based Med, 2023, 23(2): 233-239.
11. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ, 2008, 336(7650): 924-926.
12. 中国临床肿瘤学会指南工作委员会. 食管癌诊疗指南. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2024: 45.Guideline Working Committee of the Chinese Clinical Oncology Society. Esophageal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 2024: 45.
13. Xiao X, Luan SY, Zhang SH, et al. The comparison of uniportal versus multiportal video-assisted thoracic surgery for esophageal cancer: a propensity-weighted analysis. Surg Endosc, 2025, 39(3): 1730-1739.
14. Aslan S, Tiryaki GG, Pashayev J, et al. Uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery esophagectomy outcomes in 40 consecutive patients. Interdiscip Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2023, 36(5): ivad034.
15. 薛亚斌, 吕红博, 瓦热斯江·依不拉音, 等. 微创McKeown食管鳞癌根治术学习曲线特点及喉返神经旁淋巴结清扫对疗效的影响. 中华消化外科杂志, 2018, 17(8): 825-829.Xue YB, Lyu HB, Waresijiang YBLY, et al. Learning curve characteristics of Mckeown-type minimally invasive esophagectomy and effects of the para-recurrent laryngeal nerve lymphadenectomy on efficacy. Chin J Dig Surg, 2018, 17(8): 825-829.
16. van Workum F, Stenstra MHBC, Berkelmans GHK, et al. Learning curve and associated morbidity of minimally invasive esophagectomy: a retrospective multicenter study. Ann Surg, 2019, 269(1): 88-94.
17. Prasad P, Wallace L, Navidi M, et al. Learning curves in minimally invasive esophagectomy: a systematic review and evaluation of benchmarking parameters. Surgery, 2022, 171(5): 1247-1256.
18. Nachira D, Congedo MT, Calabrese G, et al. Uniportal-VATS vs. open McKeown esophagectomy: Surgical and long-term oncological outcomes. Front Surg, 2023, 10: 1103101.
19. Li B, Wang Z, Sun Y, et al. Ten-year survivals of right thoracic vs left thoracic approach for esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2025, 119(3): 643-650.
20. Li B, Hu H, Zhang Y, et al. Extended right thoracic approach compared with limited left thoracic approach for patients with middle and lower esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: three-year survival of a prospective, randomized, open-label trial. Ann Surg, 2018, 267(5): 826-832.
21. 刘波, 邱明链, 冯志, 等. 单孔腹腔镜联合胸腔镜行食管癌McKeown术的临床应用分析. 中华医学杂志, 2021, 101(29): 2316-2321.Liu B, Qiu ML, Feng Z, et al. Clinical application and analysis of single-port laparoscopic and thoracoscopic McKeown esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Natl Med J China, 2021, 101(29): 2316-2321.
22. Lv W, Zeng G, Wu W, et al. Application of single-port video-assisted thoracoscope in treating thoracic oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma using McKeown approach. J Minim Access Surg, 2018, 14(2): 105-110.
23. 赫捷. 食管癌微创外科手术教程. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2016: 69.He J. Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques for Esophageal Cancer. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 2016: 69.
24. Herbella FAM, Patti MG. 食管手术技术图解 (第2版). 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 2024: 138.Herbella FAM, Patti MG. Atlas of Esophageal Surgery (2nd ed. ). Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers, 2024: 138.
25. 陈龙奇, 袁勇. 胸外科基本操作规范与实践. 长沙: 中南大学出版社, 2018: 44.Chen LQ, Yuan Y. Basic Operation Standards and Practice in Thoracic Surgery. Changsha: Central South University Press, 2018: 44.
26. Weng G, Su W, Fiorelli A, et al. Single-port compared to multi-port video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy: a propensity-matched study. J Thorac Dis, 2025, 17(3): 1626-1635.
27. Zheng F, Yang J, Zhang J, et al. Efficacy and complications of single-port thoracoscopic minimally invasive esophagectomy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a single-center experience. Sci Rep, 2023, 13(1): 16325.
28. Wang Q, Ping W, Cai Y, et al. Modified McKeown procedure with uniportal thoracoscope for upper or middle esophageal cancer: initial experience and preliminary results. J Thorac Dis, 2019, 11(11): 4501-4506.
29. Nachira D, Meacci E, Mastromarino MG, et al. Initial experience with uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery esophagectomy. J Thorac Dis, 2018, 10(Suppl 31): S3686-S3695.
30. 肖鑫, 栾思源, 杨玉赏, 等. 锥形管状胃联合颈部端端分层吻合在胸腹腔镜食管癌切除术中的应用价值. 中华消化外科杂志, 2019, 18(6): 542-548.Xiao X, Luan SY, Yang YS, et al. Application value of cone-shaped gastric tube combined with cervical end-to-end anastomosis in thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Chin J Dig Surg, 2019, 18(6): 542-548.
31. Zheng X, Yang YS, Hu WP, et al. Coniform gastric tube for end-to-end anastomosis during minimally invasive McKeown esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2020, 109(4): e297-e300.
32. Hu W, Yuan Y, Chen L. Single-port thoracoscopic minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. World J Surg, 2019, 43(2): 567-570.
33. Lee JM, Chen SC, Yang SM, et al. Comparison of single- and multi-incision minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) for treating esophageal cancer: a propensity-matched study. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(7): 2925-2931.
34. Ajani JA, D'Amico TA, Bentrem DJ, et al. Esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers, version 2. 2023, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2023, 21(4): 393-422.
35. Hagens ERC, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Gisbertz SS. Distribution of lymph node metastases in esophageal carcinoma patients undergoing upfront surgery: a systematic review. Cancers (Basel), 2020, 12(6): 1592.
36. 程超, 肖鑫, 栾思源, 等. 食管癌淋巴结清扫范围. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2023, 26(4): 319-324.Cheng C, Xiao X, Luan SY, et al. Extent of lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer. Chin J Gastrointest Surg, 2023, 26(4): 319-324.
37. Yang H, Wang J, Huang Q, et al. Intraoperative ultrasonography for the identification of thoracic recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph nodes in patients with esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus, 2016, 29(2): 152-158.
38. Zhong D, Zhou Y, Li Y, et al. Intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring: a useful method for patients with esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus, 2014, 27(5): 444-451.
39. Malassagne B, Tiret E, Duprez D, et al. Prognostic value of thoracic recurrent nerve nodal involvement in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg, 1997, 185(3): 244-249.
40. Tabira Y, Yasunaga M, Tanaka M, et al. Recurrent nerve nodal involvement is associated with cervical nodal metastasis in thoracic esophageal carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg, 2000, 191(3): 232-237.
41. 袁立功, 毛友生. 食管癌喉返神经旁淋巴结清扫的价值及相关并发症. 中华肿瘤杂志, 2022, 44(7): 712-716.Yuan LG, Mao YS. The value and related complications of lymph node dissection along bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerves in esophageal cancer patients. Chin J Oncol, 2022, 44(7): 712-716.
42. 袁勇, 陈龙奇. 食管癌手术中食管胃吻合技术的选择及疗效评价. 中华消化外科杂志, 2017, 16(5): 454-458.Yuan Y, Chen LQ. Choice and efficacy evaluation of esophagogastric anastomosis in esophagectomy of esophageal cancer. Chin J Dig Surg, 2017, 16(5): 454-458.
43. Ge QY, Wu YH, Cong ZZ, et al. Comparison of the clinical outcomes after esophagectomy between intrathoracic anastomosis and cervical anastomosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Surg, 2022, 22(1): 417.
44. van Workum F, Verstegen MHP, Klarenbeek BR, et al. Intrathoracic vs cervical anastomosis after totally or hybrid minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg, 2021, 156(7): 601-610.
45. Li K, Lu S, Jiang L, et al. Long-term outcomes of intrathoracic versus cervical anastomosis after esophagectomy: a large-scale propensity score matching analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2025, 170(2): 391-404.
46. Chen YH, Huang PM, Chen KC, et al. Long-term results of single- and multi-incision minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: experience of 348 cases. Biomedicines, 2025, 13(7): 1523.

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Chinese expert consensus on uniportal thoracoscopic minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma (2025 edition)

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