Research progress of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

WU Yingke ,  WANG Weixing

Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

WANG Weixing, Email: sate.llite@163.com

Keywords：

liver cirrhosis; sarcopenia; malnutrition

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202105079

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To summarize the research progress of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis. Method The relevant literatures on studies of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis in recent years were searched and reviewed. Results The sarcopenia was a major complication that could not be ignored in patients with liver cirrhosis, and was closely related to the patient’s quality of life and prognosis. Various mechanisms such as metabolic abnormalities, malnutrition, myostatin, hyperammonemia, hormonal regulation of muscle homeostasis, ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy, physical activity, and dysbiosis of the intestinal flora were involved in the development of sarcopenia. There were various diagnostic methods for sarcopenia, but a unified gold standard was still lacking. In addition, some progress had been made in the treatment of sarcopenia in recent years. Conclusions Although current studies obtains preliminary results about relation between liver cirrhosis and sarcopenia, there still exists many problems to be solved. Further research in future will benefit diagnosis and treatment of patients with sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis.

Citation： WU Yingke, WANG Weixing. Research progress of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2022, 29(4): 545-550. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202105079 Copy

1.	Buchard B, Boirie Y, Cassagnes L, et al. Assessment of malnutrition, sarcopenia and frailty in patients with cirrhosis: which tools should we use in clinical practice? Nutrients, 2020, 12(1): 186. doi: 10.3390/nu12010186.
2.	Mauro E, Crespo G, Martinez-Garmendia A, et al. Cystatin C and sarcopenia predict acute on chronic liver failure development and mortality in patients on the liver transplant waiting list. Transplantation, 2020, 104(7): e188-e198. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003222.
3.	Bojko M. Causes of sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken), 2019, 14(5): 167-170.
4.	Sinclair M. Controversies in diagnosing sarcopenia in cirrhosis-moving from research to clinical practice. Nutrients, 2019, 11(10): 2454. doi: 10.3390/nu11102454.
5.	Ooi PH, Hager A, Mazurak VC, et al. Sarcopenia in chronic liver disease: impact on outcomes. Liver Transpl, 2019, 25(9): 1422-1438.
6.	Koo BK, Kim D, Joo SK, et al. Sarcopenia is an independent risk factor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and significant fibrosis. J Hepatol, 2017, 66(1): 123-131.
7.	Welch N, Dasarathy J, Runkana A, et al. Continued muscle loss increases mortality in cirrhosis: impact of aetiology of liver disease. Liver Int, 2020, 40(5): 1178-1188.
8.	Montano-Loza AJ, Duarte-Rojo A, Meza-Junco J, et al. Inclusion of sarcopenia within MELD (MELD-sarcopenia) and the prediction of mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol, 2015, 6(7): e102. doi: 10.1038/ctg.2015.31.
9.	van Vugt JLA, Alferink LJM, Buettner S, et al. A model including sarcopenia surpasses the MELD score in predicting waiting list mortality in cirrhotic liver transplant candidates: a competing risk analysis in a national cohort. J Hepatol, 2018, 68(4): 707-714.
10.	Bunchorntavakul C, Reddy KR. Review article: malnutrition/sarcopenia and frailty in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2020, 51(1): 64-77.
11.	Meyer F, Bannert K, Wiese M, et al. Molecular mechanism contributing to malnutrition and sarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(15): 5357. doi: 10.3390/ijms21155357.
12.	Nishikawa H, Yoh K, Enomoto H, et al. Sarcopenia and frailty in chronic liver damage: common and different points. In Vivo, 2020, 34(5): 2549-2559.
13.	Qiu J, Thapaliya S, Runkana A, et al. Hyperammonemia in cirrhosis induces transcriptional regulation of myostatin by an NF-κB-mediated mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2013, 110(45): 18162-18167.
14.	McPherron AC, Lawler AM, Lee SJ. Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member. Nature, 1997, 387(6628): 83-90.
15.	Nishikawa H, Enomoto H, Ishii A, et al. Elevated serum myostatin level is associated with worse survival in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2017, 8(6): 915-925.
16.	Oh S, Lee J. Sarcopenia and blood myokine levels as prognostic biomarkers in patients with liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Mol Hepatol, 2020, 26(4): 476-479.
17.	Dasarathy S, Hatzoglou M. Hyperammonemia and proteostasis in cirrhosis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2018, 21(1): 30-36.
18.	Davuluri G, Welch N, Sekar J, et al. Activated protein phosphatase 2A disrupts nutrient sensing balance between mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, causing sarcopenia in alcohol-associated liver disease. Hepatology, 2021, 73(5): 1892-1908.
19.	Dasarathy S, Merli M. Sarcopenia from mechanism to diagnosis and treatment in liver disease. J Hepatol, 2016, 65(6): 1232-1244.
20.	Butterworth RF. L-ornithine L-aspartate for the treatment of sarcopenia in chronic liver disease: the taming of a vicious cycle. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019, 2019: 8182195. doi: 10.1155/2019/8182195.
21.	Bhanji RA, Moctezuma-Velazquez C, Duarte-Rojo A, et al. Myosteatosis and sarcopenia are associated with hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatol Int, 2018, 12(4): 377-386.
22.	Jindal A, Jagdish RK. Sarcopenia: ammonia metabolism and hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Mol Hepatol, 2019, 25(3): 270-279.
23.	Sinclair M, Grossmann M, Hoermann R, et al. Testosterone therapy increases muscle mass in men with cirrhosis and low testosterone: a randomised controlled trial. J Hepatol, 2016, 65(5): 906-913.
24.	Kovacheva EL, Hikim AP, Shen R, et al. Testosterone supplementation reverses sarcopenia in aging through regulation of myostatin, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, Notch, and Akt signaling pathways. Endocrinology, 2010, 151(2): 628-638.
25.	Campos F, Abrigo J, Aguirre F, et al. Sarcopenia in a mice model of chronic liver disease: role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and oxidative stress. Pflugers Arch, 2018, 470(10): 1503-1519.
26.	Zhang J, Yu Y, Wang J. Protein nutritional support: the classical and potential new mechanisms in the prevention and therapy of sarcopenia. J Agric Food Chem, 2020, 68(14): 4098-4108.
27.	Qiu J, Tsien C, Thapalaya S, et al. Hyperammonemia-mediated autophagy in skeletal muscle contributes to sarcopenia of cirrhosis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2012, 303(8): E983-E993. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00183.2012.
28.	Nóbrega SR, Chachá SGF, Libardi CA. Resistance training combined with blood flow restriction in cirrhosis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 2020, 21(1): 446. doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-04410-2.
29.	Aamann L, Dam G, Borre M, et al. Resistance training increases muscle strength and muscle size in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 18(5): 1179-1187.
30.	贺昆, 胡轩, 姚佳. 肝硬化合并营养不良患者的肠道菌群特征分析. 中华临床营养杂志, 2020, 28(3): 165-169.
31.	Shimizu Y. Gut microbiota in common elderly diseases affecting activities of daily living. World J Gastroenterol, 2018, 24(42): 4750-4758.
32.	Walsh ME, Bhattacharya A, Sataranatarajan K, et al. The histone deacetylase inhibitor butyrate improves metabolism and reduces muscle atrophy during aging. Aging Cell, 2015, 14(6): 957-970.
33.	Hernández MAG, Canfora EE, Jocken JWE, et al. The short-chain fatty acid acetate in body weight control and insulin sensitivity. Nutrients, 2019, 11(8): 1943. doi: 10.3390/nu11081943.
34.	Nishikawa H, Enomoto H, Nishiguchi S, et al. Liver cirrhosis and sarcopenia from the viewpoint of dysbiosis. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(15): 5254. doi: 10.3390/ijms21155254.
35.	Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing, 2010, 39(4): 412-423.
36.	Traub J, Bergheim I, Eibisberger M, et al. Sarcopenia and liver cirrhosis—comparison of the European Working Group on sarcopenia criteria 2010 and 2019. Nutrients, 2020, 12(2): 547. doi: 10.3390/nu12020547.
37.	Carey EJ, Lai JC, Wang CW, et al. A multicenter study to define sarcopenia in patients with end-stage liver disease. Liver Transpl, 2017, 23(5): 625-633.
38.	Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, et al. Asian Working Group for sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2020, 21(3): 300-307.
39.	Nishikawa H, Yoh K, Enomoto H, et al. Calf circumference as a useful predictor of sarcopenia in patients with liver diseases. In Vivo, 2020, 34(5): 2561-2569.
40.	Hanai T, Shiraki M, Imai K, et al. Usefulness of carnitine supplementation for the complications of liver cirrhosis. Nutrients, 2020, 12(7): 1915. doi: 10.3390/nu12071915.
41.	Li CW, Yu K, Shyh-Chang N, et al. Sterol metabolism and protein metabolism are differentially correlated with sarcopenia in Asian Chinese men and women. Cell Prolif, 2021, 54(4): e12989. doi: 10.1111/cpr.12989.
42.	Endo K, Sato T, Kakisaka K, et al. Calf and arm circumference as simple markers for screening sarcopenia in patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatol Res, 2021, 51(2): 176-189.
43.	Sinclair M, Chapman B, Hoermann R, et al. Handgrip strength adds more prognostic value to the model for end-stage liver disease score than imaging-based measures of muscle mass in men with cirrhosis. Liver Transpl, 2019, 25(10): 1480-1487.
44.	Lanthier N, Stärkel P, Dahlqvist G. Frailty, sarcopenia and mortality in cirrhosis: what is the best assessment, how to interpret the data correctly and what interventions are possible?. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2021, 45(2): 101661. doi: 10.1016/j.clinre.2021.101661.
45.	Treacy D, Hassett L. The short physical performance battery. J Physiother, 2018, 64(1): 61. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2017.04.002.
46.	Lai JC, Covinsky KE, Dodge JL, et al. Development of a novel frailty index to predict mortality in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology, 2017, 66(2): 564-574.
47.	Lai JC, Dodge JL, Kappus MR, et al. Changes in frailty are associated with waitlist mortality in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol, 2020, 73(3): 575-581.
48.	Bischoff SC, Bernal W, Dasarathy S, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: clinical nutrition in liver disease. Clin Nutr, 2020, 39(12): 3533-3562.
49.	Chen CJ, Wang LC, Kuo HT, et al. Significant effects of late evening snack on liver functions in patients with liver cirrhosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019, 34(7): 1143-1152.
50.	Hanai T, Shiraki M, Imai K, et al. Late evening snack with branched-chain amino acids supplementation improves survival in patients with cirrhosis. J Clin Med, 2020, 9(4): 1013. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041013.
51.	Vasques J, Guerreiro CS, Sousa J, et al. Nutritional support in cirrhotic patients with sarcopenia. Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2019, 33: 12-17.
52.	Kitajima Y, Takahashi H, Akiyama T, et al. Supplementation with branched-chain amino acids ameliorates hypoalbuminemia, prevents sarcopenia, and reduces fat accumulation in the skeletal muscles of patients with liver cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol, 2018, 53(3): 427-437.
53.	Gonzalez A, Valero-Breton M, Huerta-Salgado C, et al. Impact of exercise training on the sarcopenia criteria in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Transl Myol, 2021, 31(1): 9630. DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2021.9630.
54.	Liguori I, Russo G, Aran L, et al. Sarcopenia: assessment of disease burden and strategies to improve outcomes. Clin Interv Aging, 2018, 13: 913-927.
55.	Brioche T, Kireev RA, Cuesta S, et al. Growth hormone replacement therapy prevents sarcopenia by a dual mechanism: improvement of protein balance and of antioxidant defenses. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2014, 69(10): 1186-1198.
56.	Kumar A, Davuluri G, Silva RNE, et al. Ammonia lowering reverses sarcopenia of cirrhosis by restoring skeletal muscle proteostasis. Hepatology, 2017, 65(6): 2045-2058.
57.	Hey P, Gow P, Testro AG, et al. Nutraceuticals for the treatment of sarcopenia in chronic liver disease. Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2021, 41: 13-22.
58.	Ohashi K, Ishikawa T, Hoshii A, et al. Effect of levocarnitine administration in patients with chronic liver disease. Exp Ther Med, 2020, 20(5): 94. doi: 10.3892/etm.2020.9222.
59.	Fujita M, Abe K, Hayashi M, et al. Skeletal muscle volume loss among liver cirrhosis patients receiving levocarnitine predicts poor prognosis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(28): e21061. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000021061.

1. Buchard B, Boirie Y, Cassagnes L, et al. Assessment of malnutrition, sarcopenia and frailty in patients with cirrhosis: which tools should we use in clinical practice? Nutrients, 2020, 12(1): 186. doi: 10.3390/nu12010186.
2. Mauro E, Crespo G, Martinez-Garmendia A, et al. Cystatin C and sarcopenia predict acute on chronic liver failure development and mortality in patients on the liver transplant waiting list. Transplantation, 2020, 104(7): e188-e198. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003222.
3. Bojko M. Causes of sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken), 2019, 14(5): 167-170.
4. Sinclair M. Controversies in diagnosing sarcopenia in cirrhosis-moving from research to clinical practice. Nutrients, 2019, 11(10): 2454. doi: 10.3390/nu11102454.
5. Ooi PH, Hager A, Mazurak VC, et al. Sarcopenia in chronic liver disease: impact on outcomes. Liver Transpl, 2019, 25(9): 1422-1438.
6. Koo BK, Kim D, Joo SK, et al. Sarcopenia is an independent risk factor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and significant fibrosis. J Hepatol, 2017, 66(1): 123-131.
7. Welch N, Dasarathy J, Runkana A, et al. Continued muscle loss increases mortality in cirrhosis: impact of aetiology of liver disease. Liver Int, 2020, 40(5): 1178-1188.
8. Montano-Loza AJ, Duarte-Rojo A, Meza-Junco J, et al. Inclusion of sarcopenia within MELD (MELD-sarcopenia) and the prediction of mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol, 2015, 6(7): e102. doi: 10.1038/ctg.2015.31.
9. van Vugt JLA, Alferink LJM, Buettner S, et al. A model including sarcopenia surpasses the MELD score in predicting waiting list mortality in cirrhotic liver transplant candidates: a competing risk analysis in a national cohort. J Hepatol, 2018, 68(4): 707-714.
10. Bunchorntavakul C, Reddy KR. Review article: malnutrition/sarcopenia and frailty in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2020, 51(1): 64-77.
11. Meyer F, Bannert K, Wiese M, et al. Molecular mechanism contributing to malnutrition and sarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(15): 5357. doi: 10.3390/ijms21155357.
12. Nishikawa H, Yoh K, Enomoto H, et al. Sarcopenia and frailty in chronic liver damage: common and different points. In Vivo, 2020, 34(5): 2549-2559.
13. Qiu J, Thapaliya S, Runkana A, et al. Hyperammonemia in cirrhosis induces transcriptional regulation of myostatin by an NF-κB-mediated mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2013, 110(45): 18162-18167.
14. McPherron AC, Lawler AM, Lee SJ. Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member. Nature, 1997, 387(6628): 83-90.
15. Nishikawa H, Enomoto H, Ishii A, et al. Elevated serum myostatin level is associated with worse survival in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2017, 8(6): 915-925.
16. Oh S, Lee J. Sarcopenia and blood myokine levels as prognostic biomarkers in patients with liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Mol Hepatol, 2020, 26(4): 476-479.
17. Dasarathy S, Hatzoglou M. Hyperammonemia and proteostasis in cirrhosis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2018, 21(1): 30-36.
18. Davuluri G, Welch N, Sekar J, et al. Activated protein phosphatase 2A disrupts nutrient sensing balance between mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, causing sarcopenia in alcohol-associated liver disease. Hepatology, 2021, 73(5): 1892-1908.
19. Dasarathy S, Merli M. Sarcopenia from mechanism to diagnosis and treatment in liver disease. J Hepatol, 2016, 65(6): 1232-1244.
20. Butterworth RF. L-ornithine L-aspartate for the treatment of sarcopenia in chronic liver disease: the taming of a vicious cycle. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019, 2019: 8182195. doi: 10.1155/2019/8182195.
21. Bhanji RA, Moctezuma-Velazquez C, Duarte-Rojo A, et al. Myosteatosis and sarcopenia are associated with hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatol Int, 2018, 12(4): 377-386.
22. Jindal A, Jagdish RK. Sarcopenia: ammonia metabolism and hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Mol Hepatol, 2019, 25(3): 270-279.
23. Sinclair M, Grossmann M, Hoermann R, et al. Testosterone therapy increases muscle mass in men with cirrhosis and low testosterone: a randomised controlled trial. J Hepatol, 2016, 65(5): 906-913.
24. Kovacheva EL, Hikim AP, Shen R, et al. Testosterone supplementation reverses sarcopenia in aging through regulation of myostatin, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, Notch, and Akt signaling pathways. Endocrinology, 2010, 151(2): 628-638.
25. Campos F, Abrigo J, Aguirre F, et al. Sarcopenia in a mice model of chronic liver disease: role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and oxidative stress. Pflugers Arch, 2018, 470(10): 1503-1519.
26. Zhang J, Yu Y, Wang J. Protein nutritional support: the classical and potential new mechanisms in the prevention and therapy of sarcopenia. J Agric Food Chem, 2020, 68(14): 4098-4108.
27. Qiu J, Tsien C, Thapalaya S, et al. Hyperammonemia-mediated autophagy in skeletal muscle contributes to sarcopenia of cirrhosis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2012, 303(8): E983-E993. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00183.2012.
28. Nóbrega SR, Chachá SGF, Libardi CA. Resistance training combined with blood flow restriction in cirrhosis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 2020, 21(1): 446. doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-04410-2.
29. Aamann L, Dam G, Borre M, et al. Resistance training increases muscle strength and muscle size in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 18(5): 1179-1187.
30. 贺昆, 胡轩, 姚佳. 肝硬化合并营养不良患者的肠道菌群特征分析. 中华临床营养杂志, 2020, 28(3): 165-169.
31. Shimizu Y. Gut microbiota in common elderly diseases affecting activities of daily living. World J Gastroenterol, 2018, 24(42): 4750-4758.
32. Walsh ME, Bhattacharya A, Sataranatarajan K, et al. The histone deacetylase inhibitor butyrate improves metabolism and reduces muscle atrophy during aging. Aging Cell, 2015, 14(6): 957-970.
33. Hernández MAG, Canfora EE, Jocken JWE, et al. The short-chain fatty acid acetate in body weight control and insulin sensitivity. Nutrients, 2019, 11(8): 1943. doi: 10.3390/nu11081943.
34. Nishikawa H, Enomoto H, Nishiguchi S, et al. Liver cirrhosis and sarcopenia from the viewpoint of dysbiosis. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(15): 5254. doi: 10.3390/ijms21155254.
35. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing, 2010, 39(4): 412-423.
36. Traub J, Bergheim I, Eibisberger M, et al. Sarcopenia and liver cirrhosis—comparison of the European Working Group on sarcopenia criteria 2010 and 2019. Nutrients, 2020, 12(2): 547. doi: 10.3390/nu12020547.
37. Carey EJ, Lai JC, Wang CW, et al. A multicenter study to define sarcopenia in patients with end-stage liver disease. Liver Transpl, 2017, 23(5): 625-633.
38. Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, et al. Asian Working Group for sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2020, 21(3): 300-307.
39. Nishikawa H, Yoh K, Enomoto H, et al. Calf circumference as a useful predictor of sarcopenia in patients with liver diseases. In Vivo, 2020, 34(5): 2561-2569.
40. Hanai T, Shiraki M, Imai K, et al. Usefulness of carnitine supplementation for the complications of liver cirrhosis. Nutrients, 2020, 12(7): 1915. doi: 10.3390/nu12071915.
41. Li CW, Yu K, Shyh-Chang N, et al. Sterol metabolism and protein metabolism are differentially correlated with sarcopenia in Asian Chinese men and women. Cell Prolif, 2021, 54(4): e12989. doi: 10.1111/cpr.12989.
42. Endo K, Sato T, Kakisaka K, et al. Calf and arm circumference as simple markers for screening sarcopenia in patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatol Res, 2021, 51(2): 176-189.
43. Sinclair M, Chapman B, Hoermann R, et al. Handgrip strength adds more prognostic value to the model for end-stage liver disease score than imaging-based measures of muscle mass in men with cirrhosis. Liver Transpl, 2019, 25(10): 1480-1487.
44. Lanthier N, Stärkel P, Dahlqvist G. Frailty, sarcopenia and mortality in cirrhosis: what is the best assessment, how to interpret the data correctly and what interventions are possible?. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2021, 45(2): 101661. doi: 10.1016/j.clinre.2021.101661.
45. Treacy D, Hassett L. The short physical performance battery. J Physiother, 2018, 64(1): 61. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2017.04.002.
46. Lai JC, Covinsky KE, Dodge JL, et al. Development of a novel frailty index to predict mortality in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology, 2017, 66(2): 564-574.
47. Lai JC, Dodge JL, Kappus MR, et al. Changes in frailty are associated with waitlist mortality in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol, 2020, 73(3): 575-581.
48. Bischoff SC, Bernal W, Dasarathy S, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: clinical nutrition in liver disease. Clin Nutr, 2020, 39(12): 3533-3562.
49. Chen CJ, Wang LC, Kuo HT, et al. Significant effects of late evening snack on liver functions in patients with liver cirrhosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019, 34(7): 1143-1152.
50. Hanai T, Shiraki M, Imai K, et al. Late evening snack with branched-chain amino acids supplementation improves survival in patients with cirrhosis. J Clin Med, 2020, 9(4): 1013. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041013.
51. Vasques J, Guerreiro CS, Sousa J, et al. Nutritional support in cirrhotic patients with sarcopenia. Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2019, 33: 12-17.
52. Kitajima Y, Takahashi H, Akiyama T, et al. Supplementation with branched-chain amino acids ameliorates hypoalbuminemia, prevents sarcopenia, and reduces fat accumulation in the skeletal muscles of patients with liver cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol, 2018, 53(3): 427-437.
53. Gonzalez A, Valero-Breton M, Huerta-Salgado C, et al. Impact of exercise training on the sarcopenia criteria in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Transl Myol, 2021, 31(1): 9630. DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2021.9630.
54. Liguori I, Russo G, Aran L, et al. Sarcopenia: assessment of disease burden and strategies to improve outcomes. Clin Interv Aging, 2018, 13: 913-927.
55. Brioche T, Kireev RA, Cuesta S, et al. Growth hormone replacement therapy prevents sarcopenia by a dual mechanism: improvement of protein balance and of antioxidant defenses. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2014, 69(10): 1186-1198.
56. Kumar A, Davuluri G, Silva RNE, et al. Ammonia lowering reverses sarcopenia of cirrhosis by restoring skeletal muscle proteostasis. Hepatology, 2017, 65(6): 2045-2058.
57. Hey P, Gow P, Testro AG, et al. Nutraceuticals for the treatment of sarcopenia in chronic liver disease. Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2021, 41: 13-22.
58. Ohashi K, Ishikawa T, Hoshii A, et al. Effect of levocarnitine administration in patients with chronic liver disease. Exp Ther Med, 2020, 20(5): 94. doi: 10.3892/etm.2020.9222.
59. Fujita M, Abe K, Hayashi M, et al. Skeletal muscle volume loss among liver cirrhosis patients receiving levocarnitine predicts poor prognosis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(28): e21061. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000021061.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Research progress of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content