The interpretation of American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline for the diagnosis and management of acute liver failure (2017)_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

YANG Shujuan ^1,2 , ZHAO Yingren ^1,3 ,  HE Yingli ^1,3

1. Institute of Hepatitis, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, P.R.China;
2. The Eighth Hospital of Xi’an, Xi’an, 710061, P.R.China;
3. Infectious Disease Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

HE Yingli, Email: heyingli2000@xjtu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Acute liver failure; Clinical practice guideline; Guideline interpretation

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.201708109

Video：

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Citation： YANG Shujuan, ZHAO Yingren, HE Yingli. The interpretation of American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline for the diagnosis and management of acute liver failure (2017). Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2017, 17(12): 1394-1399. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.201708109 Copy

1.	William ML, Larson, AM, Stravitz RT. AASLD position paper: the management of acute liver failure: Update 2011. Hepatology, 2011, 41(5): 965.
2.	中华医学会感染病学分会肝衰竭与人工肝学组, 中华医学会肝病学分会重型肝病与人工肝学组. 肝衰竭诊疗指南. 中华肝脏病杂, 2006, 14(9): 643-646.
3.	Sarin SK, Kedarisetty CK, Abbas Z, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) 2014. Hepatol Int, 2014, 8(4): 453-471.
4.	Liver EAS. EASL clinical practical guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure. J Hepatol, 2017, 66(5): 1047-1081.
5.	Flamm SL, Yang YX, Singh S, et al. American gastroenterological association institute guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute liver failure. Gastroenterology, 2017, 152(3): 644-647.
6.	Tao TY, Gitlin JA. Hepatic copper metabolism: Insights from genetic disease. Hepatology, 2003, 37(6): 1241-1247.
7.	Reilly M, Daly L, Hutchinson M. An epidemiological study of Wilson's disease in the Republic of Ireland. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1993, 56(3): 298-300.
8.	Ferenci P. Wilson's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2005, 3(8): 726-733.
9.	Korman JD, Volenberg I, Balko J, et al. Screening for Wilson disease in acute liver failure: A comparison of currently available diagnostic tests. Hepatology, 2008, 48(4): 1167-1174.
10.	Sallie R, Katsiyiannakis L, Baldwin D, et al. Failure of simple biochemical indexes to reliably differentiate fulminant Wilsons-disease from other causes of fulminant liver-failure. Hepatology, 1992, 16(5): 1206-1211.
11.	Kayaalp C, Ersan V, Yilmaz S. Acute liver failure in Turkey: A systematic review. Turk J Gastroenterol, 2014, 25(1): 35-40.
12.	You SL, Rong YH, Zhu B, et al. Changing etiology of liver failure in 3 916 patients from northern China: a 10-year survey. Hepatol Int, 2013, 7(2): 714-720.
13.	Adukauskiene D, Dockiene I, Naginiene R, et al. Acute liver failure in Lithuania. Medicina-Lithuania, 2008, 44(7): 536-540.
14.	Katoonizadeh A, Decaestecker J, Wilmer A, et al. MELD score to predict outcome in adult patients with non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Liver Int, 2007, 27(3): 329-334.
15.	Mendoza A, Fernandez F, Mutimer DJ. Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure: Importance of renal failure. Transpl Int, 1997, 10(1): 55-60.
16.	Schiodt FV, Atillasoy E, Shakil AO, et al. Etiology and outcome for 295 patients with acute liver failure in the United States. Liver Transpl Surg, 1999, 5(1): 29-34.
17.	Smith JS, Robinson NJ. Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: A global review. J Infect Dis, 2002, 186(Suppl 1): S3-S28.
18.	Riediger C, Sauer P, Matevossian E, et al. Herpes simplex virus sepsis and acute liver failure. Clin Transplant, 2009, 23(Suppl 21): 37-41.
19.	Deepak NA, Patel ND. Differential diagnosis of acute liver failure in India. Ann Hepatol, 2006, 5(3): 150-156.
20.	Schiodt FV, Davern TJ, Shakil AO, et al. Viral hepatitis-related acute liver failure. Am J Gastroenterol, 2003, 98(2): 448-453.
21.	Tessier G, Villeneuve E, Villeneuve JP. Etiology and outcome of acute liver failure: experience from a liver transplantation centre in Montreal. Can J Gastroenterol, 2002, 16(10): 672-676.
22.	Mason A, Sallie R, Perrillo R, et al. Prevalence of herpesviridae and hepatitis B virus DNA in the liver of patients with non-A, non-B fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology, 1996, 24(6): 1361-1365.
23.	Levitsky J, Duddempudi AT, Lakeman FD, et al. Detection and diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infection in adults with acute liver failure. Liver Transpl, 2008, 14(10): 1498-1504.
24.	Ichai P, Afonso AMR, Sebagh M, et al. Herpes simplex virus-associated acute liver failure: A difficult diagnosis with a poor prognosis. Liver Transpl, 2005, 11(12): 1550-1555.
25.	Norvell JP, Blei AT, Jovanovic BD, et al. Herpes simplex virus hepatitis: an analysis of the published literature and institutional cases. Liver Transpl, 2007, 13(10): 1428-1434.
26.	Patti ME, Selvaggi KJ, Kroboth FJ. Varicella hepatitis in the immunocompromised adult: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Med, 1990, 88(1): 77-80.
27.	Plisek S, Pliskova L, Bostik V, et al. Fulminant hepatitis and death associated with disseminated varicella in an immunocompromised adult from the Czech Republic caused by a wild-type clade 4 varicella-zoster virus strain. J Clin Virol, 2011, 50(1): 72-75.
28.	Kumar S, Subhadra S, Singh B, et al. Hepatitis E virus: the current scenario. Int J Infect Dis, 2013, 17(4): e228-233.
29.	Jilani N, Das BC, Husain SA, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection and fulminant hepatic failure during pregnancy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2007, 22(5): 676-682.
30.	Li SW, Zhao Q, Wu T, et al. The development of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine HEV 239. Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2015, 11(4): 908-914.
31.	Licata A, Ingrassia D, Serruto A, et al. Clinical course and management of acute and chronic viral hepatitis during pregnancy. J Viral Hepat, 2015, 22(6): 515-523.
32.	Rockey DC, Caldwell SH, Goodman ZD, et al. Liver biopsy. Hepatology, 2009, 49(3): 1017-1044.
33.	Donaldson BW, Gopinath R, Wanless IR, et al. The role of transjugular liver biopsy in fulminant liver failure: relation to other prognostic indicators. Hepatology, 1993, 18(6): 1370-1376.
34.	Kim KR, Ko GY, Sung KB, et al. Transjugular liver biopsy in patients with living donor liver transplantation: comparison with percutaneous biopsy. Liver Transpl, 2008, 14(7): 971-979.
35.	Czaja AJ. Acute and acute severe (fulminant) autoimmune hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci, 2013, 58(4): 897-914.
36.	Stravitz RT, Lefkowitch JH, Fontana RJ, et al. Autoimmune acute liver failure: proposed clinical and histological criteria. Hepatology, 2011, 53(2): 517-526.
37.	Kessler WR, Cummings OW, Eckert G, et al. Fulminant hepatic failure as the initial presentation of acute autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2004, 2(7): 625-631.
38.	Germani G, Theocharidou E, Adam R, et al. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure in Europe: outcomes over 20 years from the ELTR database. J Hepatol, 2012, 57(2): 288-296.
39.	Zaman MB, Hoti E, Qasim A, et al. MELD score as a prognostic model for listing acute liver failure patients for liver transplantation. Transplant Proc, 2006, 38(7): 2097-2098.
40.	Butterworth RF. Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema in acute liver failure. J Clin Exp Hepatol, 2015, 5(Suppl 1): S96-S103.
41.	Larsen FS, Murphy N, Bernal W, et al. The prophylactive effect of mild hypothermia to prevent brain edema in patients with acute liver failure: results of a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. J Hepatol, 2011, 54(Suppl 1): S26.
42.	Murphy N, Auzinger G, Bernal W, et al. The effect of hypertonic sodium chloride on intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure. Hepatology, 2004, 39(2): 464-470.
43.	Wojtalczyk K, Migdal M, Witulska K, et al. Role of albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (Mars) in paediatric intensive care-a single centre experience. Intensive Care Med, 2013, 39(Suppl 1): S74.
44.	Aldag E, Fehrenbacher L, Castillo UF, et al. Extracorpeal albumin dialysis with molecular adsorbent recirculating system (Mars (R)) and the effect on antimicrobial removal. Gastroenterology, 2017, 152(5): S1119.
45.	He YL, Jin L, Wang J, et al. Mechanisms of fibrosis in acute liver failure. Liver Int, 2015, 35(7): 1877-1885.
46.	Harrison PM, Wendon JA, Gimson AES, et al. Improvement by acetylcysteine of hemodynamics and oxygen-transport in fulminant hepatic-failure. N Engl J Med, 1991, 324(26): 1852-1857.
47.	Bateman DN, Dear JW, Thanacoody HKR. Reduction of adverse effects from intravenous acetylcysteine treatment for paracetamol poisoning: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2016, 387(10031): 1908.

1. William ML, Larson, AM, Stravitz RT. AASLD position paper: the management of acute liver failure: Update 2011. Hepatology, 2011, 41(5): 965.
2. 中华医学会感染病学分会肝衰竭与人工肝学组, 中华医学会肝病学分会重型肝病与人工肝学组. 肝衰竭诊疗指南. 中华肝脏病杂, 2006, 14(9): 643-646.
3. Sarin SK, Kedarisetty CK, Abbas Z, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) 2014. Hepatol Int, 2014, 8(4): 453-471.
4. Liver EAS. EASL clinical practical guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure. J Hepatol, 2017, 66(5): 1047-1081.
5. Flamm SL, Yang YX, Singh S, et al. American gastroenterological association institute guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute liver failure. Gastroenterology, 2017, 152(3): 644-647.
6. Tao TY, Gitlin JA. Hepatic copper metabolism: Insights from genetic disease. Hepatology, 2003, 37(6): 1241-1247.
7. Reilly M, Daly L, Hutchinson M. An epidemiological study of Wilson's disease in the Republic of Ireland. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1993, 56(3): 298-300.
8. Ferenci P. Wilson's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2005, 3(8): 726-733.
9. Korman JD, Volenberg I, Balko J, et al. Screening for Wilson disease in acute liver failure: A comparison of currently available diagnostic tests. Hepatology, 2008, 48(4): 1167-1174.
10. Sallie R, Katsiyiannakis L, Baldwin D, et al. Failure of simple biochemical indexes to reliably differentiate fulminant Wilsons-disease from other causes of fulminant liver-failure. Hepatology, 1992, 16(5): 1206-1211.
11. Kayaalp C, Ersan V, Yilmaz S. Acute liver failure in Turkey: A systematic review. Turk J Gastroenterol, 2014, 25(1): 35-40.
12. You SL, Rong YH, Zhu B, et al. Changing etiology of liver failure in 3 916 patients from northern China: a 10-year survey. Hepatol Int, 2013, 7(2): 714-720.
13. Adukauskiene D, Dockiene I, Naginiene R, et al. Acute liver failure in Lithuania. Medicina-Lithuania, 2008, 44(7): 536-540.
14. Katoonizadeh A, Decaestecker J, Wilmer A, et al. MELD score to predict outcome in adult patients with non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Liver Int, 2007, 27(3): 329-334.
15. Mendoza A, Fernandez F, Mutimer DJ. Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure: Importance of renal failure. Transpl Int, 1997, 10(1): 55-60.
16. Schiodt FV, Atillasoy E, Shakil AO, et al. Etiology and outcome for 295 patients with acute liver failure in the United States. Liver Transpl Surg, 1999, 5(1): 29-34.
17. Smith JS, Robinson NJ. Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: A global review. J Infect Dis, 2002, 186(Suppl 1): S3-S28.
18. Riediger C, Sauer P, Matevossian E, et al. Herpes simplex virus sepsis and acute liver failure. Clin Transplant, 2009, 23(Suppl 21): 37-41.
19. Deepak NA, Patel ND. Differential diagnosis of acute liver failure in India. Ann Hepatol, 2006, 5(3): 150-156.
20. Schiodt FV, Davern TJ, Shakil AO, et al. Viral hepatitis-related acute liver failure. Am J Gastroenterol, 2003, 98(2): 448-453.
21. Tessier G, Villeneuve E, Villeneuve JP. Etiology and outcome of acute liver failure: experience from a liver transplantation centre in Montreal. Can J Gastroenterol, 2002, 16(10): 672-676.
22. Mason A, Sallie R, Perrillo R, et al. Prevalence of herpesviridae and hepatitis B virus DNA in the liver of patients with non-A, non-B fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology, 1996, 24(6): 1361-1365.
23. Levitsky J, Duddempudi AT, Lakeman FD, et al. Detection and diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infection in adults with acute liver failure. Liver Transpl, 2008, 14(10): 1498-1504.
24. Ichai P, Afonso AMR, Sebagh M, et al. Herpes simplex virus-associated acute liver failure: A difficult diagnosis with a poor prognosis. Liver Transpl, 2005, 11(12): 1550-1555.
25. Norvell JP, Blei AT, Jovanovic BD, et al. Herpes simplex virus hepatitis: an analysis of the published literature and institutional cases. Liver Transpl, 2007, 13(10): 1428-1434.
26. Patti ME, Selvaggi KJ, Kroboth FJ. Varicella hepatitis in the immunocompromised adult: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Med, 1990, 88(1): 77-80.
27. Plisek S, Pliskova L, Bostik V, et al. Fulminant hepatitis and death associated with disseminated varicella in an immunocompromised adult from the Czech Republic caused by a wild-type clade 4 varicella-zoster virus strain. J Clin Virol, 2011, 50(1): 72-75.
28. Kumar S, Subhadra S, Singh B, et al. Hepatitis E virus: the current scenario. Int J Infect Dis, 2013, 17(4): e228-233.
29. Jilani N, Das BC, Husain SA, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection and fulminant hepatic failure during pregnancy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2007, 22(5): 676-682.
30. Li SW, Zhao Q, Wu T, et al. The development of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine HEV 239. Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2015, 11(4): 908-914.
31. Licata A, Ingrassia D, Serruto A, et al. Clinical course and management of acute and chronic viral hepatitis during pregnancy. J Viral Hepat, 2015, 22(6): 515-523.
32. Rockey DC, Caldwell SH, Goodman ZD, et al. Liver biopsy. Hepatology, 2009, 49(3): 1017-1044.
33. Donaldson BW, Gopinath R, Wanless IR, et al. The role of transjugular liver biopsy in fulminant liver failure: relation to other prognostic indicators. Hepatology, 1993, 18(6): 1370-1376.
34. Kim KR, Ko GY, Sung KB, et al. Transjugular liver biopsy in patients with living donor liver transplantation: comparison with percutaneous biopsy. Liver Transpl, 2008, 14(7): 971-979.
35. Czaja AJ. Acute and acute severe (fulminant) autoimmune hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci, 2013, 58(4): 897-914.
36. Stravitz RT, Lefkowitch JH, Fontana RJ, et al. Autoimmune acute liver failure: proposed clinical and histological criteria. Hepatology, 2011, 53(2): 517-526.
37. Kessler WR, Cummings OW, Eckert G, et al. Fulminant hepatic failure as the initial presentation of acute autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2004, 2(7): 625-631.
38. Germani G, Theocharidou E, Adam R, et al. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure in Europe: outcomes over 20 years from the ELTR database. J Hepatol, 2012, 57(2): 288-296.
39. Zaman MB, Hoti E, Qasim A, et al. MELD score as a prognostic model for listing acute liver failure patients for liver transplantation. Transplant Proc, 2006, 38(7): 2097-2098.
40. Butterworth RF. Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema in acute liver failure. J Clin Exp Hepatol, 2015, 5(Suppl 1): S96-S103.
41. Larsen FS, Murphy N, Bernal W, et al. The prophylactive effect of mild hypothermia to prevent brain edema in patients with acute liver failure: results of a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. J Hepatol, 2011, 54(Suppl 1): S26.
42. Murphy N, Auzinger G, Bernal W, et al. The effect of hypertonic sodium chloride on intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure. Hepatology, 2004, 39(2): 464-470.
43. Wojtalczyk K, Migdal M, Witulska K, et al. Role of albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (Mars) in paediatric intensive care-a single centre experience. Intensive Care Med, 2013, 39(Suppl 1): S74.
44. Aldag E, Fehrenbacher L, Castillo UF, et al. Extracorpeal albumin dialysis with molecular adsorbent recirculating system (Mars (R)) and the effect on antimicrobial removal. Gastroenterology, 2017, 152(5): S1119.
45. He YL, Jin L, Wang J, et al. Mechanisms of fibrosis in acute liver failure. Liver Int, 2015, 35(7): 1877-1885.
46. Harrison PM, Wendon JA, Gimson AES, et al. Improvement by acetylcysteine of hemodynamics and oxygen-transport in fulminant hepatic-failure. N Engl J Med, 1991, 324(26): 1852-1857.
47. Bateman DN, Dear JW, Thanacoody HKR. Reduction of adverse effects from intravenous acetylcysteine treatment for paracetamol poisoning: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2016, 387(10031): 1908.

Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

The interpretation of American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline for the diagnosis and management of acute liver failure (2017)

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