The interpretation of antihypertensive drugs rational use guideline: RAAS inhibitors for hypertension complications_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

XI Qianlan ¹ , LIU Kai ² ,  CHEN Xiaoping ²

1. Department of Postgraduate Students, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R.China;
2. Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

CHEN Xiaoping, Email: xiaopingchen11@126.com

Keywords：

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor; Complication of hypertension; Clinical guideline; Interpretation

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.201711037

Video：

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Citation： XI Qianlan, LIU Kai, CHEN Xiaoping. The interpretation of antihypertensive drugs rational use guideline: RAAS inhibitors for hypertension complications. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2018, 18(1): 2-7. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.201711037 Copy

1.	国家卫生计生委合理用药专家委员会, 中国医师协会高血压专业委员会. 高血压合理用药指南. 中国医学前沿杂志(电子版), 2017, 9(7): 28-126.
2.	Wollert KC, Studer R, Doerfer K, et al. Differential effects of kinins on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial collagen matrix in the surviving myocardium after myocardium infartion in the rat. Circulation, 1997, 95(7): 1910-1917.
3.	Santos RA, Ferreira AJ, Verano-Braga T, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, angiotensin-(1-7) and Mas: new players of the renin-angiotensin system. J Endocrinol, 2013, 216(2): R1-R17.
4.	Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens, 2013, 31(7): 1281-1357.
5.	Matsubara H. Pathophysiological role of angiotensin II type 2 receptor in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Circ Res, 1998, 83(12): 1182-1191.
6.	Stumpe KO, Agabiti-Rosei E, Zielinski T, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and plaque volume changes following 2-year angiotensin II-receptor blockade. the multicentre olmesartan atherosclerosis regression evaluation (MORE) study. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis, 2007, 1(2): 97-106.
7.	Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski A, et al. Morbidity and mortality after stroke, eprosartan compared with nitrendipine for secondary prevention: principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke, 2005, 36(6): 1218-1226.
8.	Yan C, Ding B, Shishido T, et al. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 5 reduces cardiac apoptosis and dysfunction via inhibition of a phosphodiesterase 3A/inducible cAMP early repressor feedback loop. Circ Res, 2007, 100(4): 510-519.
9.	Oh BH, Mitchell J, Herron JR, et al. Aliskiren, an oral renin inhibitor,provides does-dependent efficacy and sustained 24-hour blood pressure control in patients with hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2007, 49(11): 1157-1163.
10.	Solomon SD, Shin SH, Shah A, et al. Effect of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren on left ventricular remodelling following myocardial infarction with systolic dysfunction. Eur Heart J, 2011, 32(10): 1227-1234.
11.	Lizakowski S, Tylicki L, Renke M, et al. Effect of aliskiren on proteinuria in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease: a double-blind, crossover, randomised, controlled trial. Int Urol Nephrol, 2012, 44(6): 1763-1770.
12.	Solomon SD, Appelbaum E, Manning WJ, et al. Effect of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren, the angiotensin receptor blocker losartan, or both on left ventricular mass in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation, 2009, 119(4): 530-537.
13.	Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Ayis S. Effects of aliskiren on mortality, cardiovascular outcomes and adverse events in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease or risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13,395 patients. Diab Vasc Dis Res, 2017, 14(5): 400-406.
14.	Pantzaris ND, Karanikolas E, Tsiotsios K, et al. Renin inhibition with aliskiren: a decade of clinical experience. J Clin Med, 2017, 6(6): 61-80.
15.	Funder JW. Spironolactone in cardiovascular disease: an expanding universe? F1000Res, 2017, 6: 1738-1745.
16.	Williams B, MacDonald TM, Morant S, et al. Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATH-WAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet, 2015, 386(10008): 2059-2068.
17.	Zeeuw DD, Remuzzi G, Parving H, et al. Proteinuria, a target for renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: Lessons from RENAAL. Kidney Int, 2004, 65(6): 2309-2320.
18.	Schutte E, Lambers HJ, Lutgers HL, et al. Serum bicarbonate and kidney disease progression and cardiovascular outcome in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a post hoc analysis of the RENAAL (reduction of end points in non-insulin-dependent diabetes with the angiotensin II antagonist losartan) study and IDNT (irbesartan diabetic nephropathy trial). Am J Kidney Dis, 2015, 66(3): 450-458.
19.	Schievink B, Kröpelin T, Mulder S, et al. Early renin-angiotensin system intervention is more beneficial than late intervention in delaying end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2016, 18(1): 64-71.
20.	Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Bosch J, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2006, 368(9541): 1096-1105.
21.	Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet, 2002, 359(9311): 995-1003.
22.	Hou FF, Xie D, Zhang X, et al. Renoprotection of optimal antiproteinuric doses (ROAD) study: a randomized controlled study of benazepril and losartan in chronic renal insufficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2007, 18(6): 1889-1898.
23.	Lonn E, Yusuf S, Dzavik V, et al. Effects of ramipril and vitamin E on atherosclerosis: the study to evaluate carotid ultrasound changes in patients treated with ramipril and vitamin E (SECURE). Circulation, 2001, 103(7): 919-925.
24.	Mortsell D, Malmqvist K, Held C, et al. Irbesartan reduces common carotid artery intima-media thickness in hypertensive patients when compared with atenolol: the Swedish irbesartan left ventricular hypertrophy investigations versus atenolol (SILVHIA) study. J Intern Med, 2007, 261(5): 472-479.
25.	Safar ME, Boudier HS. Vascular development, pulse pressure, and the mechanisms of hypertension. Hypertension, 2005, 46(1): 205-209.
26.	Elliott WJ, Meyer PM. Effects of perindopril on cardiovascular outcomes in hypertension clinical trials: traditional and network meta-analyses. J Am Soc Hypertens, 2014, 8(4): e68-e69.
27.	中华医学会心血管病学分会. 血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂在冠心病患者中应用中国专家共识. 中国循环杂志, 2016, 31(5): 420-425.
28.	Abraham I, Macdonald K, Hermans C, et al. Real-world effectiveness of valsartan on hypertension and total cardiovascular risk: review and implications of a translational research program. Vasc Health Risk Manag, 2011, 7: 209-235.
29.	David F. Results of the ONTARGET and TRANSCEND studies: an update and discussion. Vasc Health Risk Manag, 2009, 5(1): 21-29.
30.	Zannad F, Gheorghiade M, Krum H, et al. The effect of eplerenone on all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalization in the eplerenone post-acute myocardial infarction heart failure efficacy and survival study (EPHESUS). J Card Fail, 2004, 10(4): S76.
31.	Pitt B, Bakris G, Ruilope LM, et al. Serum potassium and clinical outcomes in the Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study (EPHESUS). Circulation, 2008, 118(16): 1643-1650.
32.	Yusuf S, Healey JS, Pogue J, et al. Irbesartan in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med, 2011, 364(10): 928-938.
33.	Goette A, Schön N, Kirchhof P, et al. Angiotensin Ⅱ-antagonist in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (ANTIPAF) trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 2012, 5(1): 43-51.
34.	Marott SC, Nielsen SF, Benn M, et al. Antihypertensive treatment and risk of atrial fibrillation: a nationwide study. Eur Heart J, 2014, 35(18): 1205-1214.
35.	Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J, 2016, 37(38): 2893-2962.
36.	Ito Y, Yamasaki H, Naruse Y, et al. Effect of eplerenone on maintenance of sinus rhythm after catheter ablation in patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol, 2013, 111(7): 1012-1018.
37.	Swedberg K, Zannad F, McMurray JJ, et al. Eplerenone and atrial fibrillation in mild systolic heart failure: results from the EMPHASIS-HF (Eplerenone in mild patients hospitalization and survival study in heart failure) study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012, 59(18): 1598-1603.
38.	Arima H, Chalmers J, Woodward M, et al. Lower target blood pressures are safe and effective for the prevention of recurrent stroke: the PROGRESS trial. J Hypertens, 2006, 24(6): 1201-1208.
39.	Arnold JM, Yusuf S, Young J, et al. Prevention of heart failure in patients in the heart outcomes prevention evaluation (HOPE) study. Circulation, 2003, 107(9): 1284-1290.
40.	Reboldi G, Angeli F, Cavallini C, et al. Comparison between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and death: a meta-analysis. J Hypertens, 2008, 26(7): 1282-1289.
41.	Dowlatshahi D, Hill MD. Angiotensin receptor blockers and secondary stroke prevention: the MOSES study. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 2009, 7(5): 459-464.
42.	Weber R, Weimar C, Blatchford J, et al. Telmisartan on top of antihypertensive treatment does not prevent progression of cerebral white matter lesions in the prevention regimen for eﬀectively avoiding second strokes (PRoFESS) MRI substudy. Stroke, 2012, 43(9): 2336-2342.
43.	The ONTARGET Investigators. Telmisartan, ramipil or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med, 2008, 235: 1547-1559.
44.	Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, et al. Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(23): 2204-2213.

1. 国家卫生计生委合理用药专家委员会, 中国医师协会高血压专业委员会. 高血压合理用药指南. 中国医学前沿杂志(电子版), 2017, 9(7): 28-126.
2. Wollert KC, Studer R, Doerfer K, et al. Differential effects of kinins on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial collagen matrix in the surviving myocardium after myocardium infartion in the rat. Circulation, 1997, 95(7): 1910-1917.
3. Santos RA, Ferreira AJ, Verano-Braga T, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, angiotensin-(1-7) and Mas: new players of the renin-angiotensin system. J Endocrinol, 2013, 216(2): R1-R17.
4. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens, 2013, 31(7): 1281-1357.
5. Matsubara H. Pathophysiological role of angiotensin II type 2 receptor in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Circ Res, 1998, 83(12): 1182-1191.
6. Stumpe KO, Agabiti-Rosei E, Zielinski T, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and plaque volume changes following 2-year angiotensin II-receptor blockade. the multicentre olmesartan atherosclerosis regression evaluation (MORE) study. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis, 2007, 1(2): 97-106.
7. Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski A, et al. Morbidity and mortality after stroke, eprosartan compared with nitrendipine for secondary prevention: principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke, 2005, 36(6): 1218-1226.
8. Yan C, Ding B, Shishido T, et al. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 5 reduces cardiac apoptosis and dysfunction via inhibition of a phosphodiesterase 3A/inducible cAMP early repressor feedback loop. Circ Res, 2007, 100(4): 510-519.
9. Oh BH, Mitchell J, Herron JR, et al. Aliskiren, an oral renin inhibitor,provides does-dependent efficacy and sustained 24-hour blood pressure control in patients with hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2007, 49(11): 1157-1163.
10. Solomon SD, Shin SH, Shah A, et al. Effect of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren on left ventricular remodelling following myocardial infarction with systolic dysfunction. Eur Heart J, 2011, 32(10): 1227-1234.
11. Lizakowski S, Tylicki L, Renke M, et al. Effect of aliskiren on proteinuria in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease: a double-blind, crossover, randomised, controlled trial. Int Urol Nephrol, 2012, 44(6): 1763-1770.
12. Solomon SD, Appelbaum E, Manning WJ, et al. Effect of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren, the angiotensin receptor blocker losartan, or both on left ventricular mass in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation, 2009, 119(4): 530-537.
13. Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Ayis S. Effects of aliskiren on mortality, cardiovascular outcomes and adverse events in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease or risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13,395 patients. Diab Vasc Dis Res, 2017, 14(5): 400-406.
14. Pantzaris ND, Karanikolas E, Tsiotsios K, et al. Renin inhibition with aliskiren: a decade of clinical experience. J Clin Med, 2017, 6(6): 61-80.
15. Funder JW. Spironolactone in cardiovascular disease: an expanding universe? F1000Res, 2017, 6: 1738-1745.
16. Williams B, MacDonald TM, Morant S, et al. Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATH-WAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet, 2015, 386(10008): 2059-2068.
17. Zeeuw DD, Remuzzi G, Parving H, et al. Proteinuria, a target for renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: Lessons from RENAAL. Kidney Int, 2004, 65(6): 2309-2320.
18. Schutte E, Lambers HJ, Lutgers HL, et al. Serum bicarbonate and kidney disease progression and cardiovascular outcome in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a post hoc analysis of the RENAAL (reduction of end points in non-insulin-dependent diabetes with the angiotensin II antagonist losartan) study and IDNT (irbesartan diabetic nephropathy trial). Am J Kidney Dis, 2015, 66(3): 450-458.
19. Schievink B, Kröpelin T, Mulder S, et al. Early renin-angiotensin system intervention is more beneficial than late intervention in delaying end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2016, 18(1): 64-71.
20. Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Bosch J, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2006, 368(9541): 1096-1105.
21. Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet, 2002, 359(9311): 995-1003.
22. Hou FF, Xie D, Zhang X, et al. Renoprotection of optimal antiproteinuric doses (ROAD) study: a randomized controlled study of benazepril and losartan in chronic renal insufficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2007, 18(6): 1889-1898.
23. Lonn E, Yusuf S, Dzavik V, et al. Effects of ramipril and vitamin E on atherosclerosis: the study to evaluate carotid ultrasound changes in patients treated with ramipril and vitamin E (SECURE). Circulation, 2001, 103(7): 919-925.
24. Mortsell D, Malmqvist K, Held C, et al. Irbesartan reduces common carotid artery intima-media thickness in hypertensive patients when compared with atenolol: the Swedish irbesartan left ventricular hypertrophy investigations versus atenolol (SILVHIA) study. J Intern Med, 2007, 261(5): 472-479.
25. Safar ME, Boudier HS. Vascular development, pulse pressure, and the mechanisms of hypertension. Hypertension, 2005, 46(1): 205-209.
26. Elliott WJ, Meyer PM. Effects of perindopril on cardiovascular outcomes in hypertension clinical trials: traditional and network meta-analyses. J Am Soc Hypertens, 2014, 8(4): e68-e69.
27. 中华医学会心血管病学分会. 血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂在冠心病患者中应用中国专家共识. 中国循环杂志, 2016, 31(5): 420-425.
28. Abraham I, Macdonald K, Hermans C, et al. Real-world effectiveness of valsartan on hypertension and total cardiovascular risk: review and implications of a translational research program. Vasc Health Risk Manag, 2011, 7: 209-235.
29. David F. Results of the ONTARGET and TRANSCEND studies: an update and discussion. Vasc Health Risk Manag, 2009, 5(1): 21-29.
30. Zannad F, Gheorghiade M, Krum H, et al. The effect of eplerenone on all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalization in the eplerenone post-acute myocardial infarction heart failure efficacy and survival study (EPHESUS). J Card Fail, 2004, 10(4): S76.
31. Pitt B, Bakris G, Ruilope LM, et al. Serum potassium and clinical outcomes in the Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study (EPHESUS). Circulation, 2008, 118(16): 1643-1650.
32. Yusuf S, Healey JS, Pogue J, et al. Irbesartan in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med, 2011, 364(10): 928-938.
33. Goette A, Schön N, Kirchhof P, et al. Angiotensin Ⅱ-antagonist in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (ANTIPAF) trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 2012, 5(1): 43-51.
34. Marott SC, Nielsen SF, Benn M, et al. Antihypertensive treatment and risk of atrial fibrillation: a nationwide study. Eur Heart J, 2014, 35(18): 1205-1214.
35. Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J, 2016, 37(38): 2893-2962.
36. Ito Y, Yamasaki H, Naruse Y, et al. Effect of eplerenone on maintenance of sinus rhythm after catheter ablation in patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol, 2013, 111(7): 1012-1018.
37. Swedberg K, Zannad F, McMurray JJ, et al. Eplerenone and atrial fibrillation in mild systolic heart failure: results from the EMPHASIS-HF (Eplerenone in mild patients hospitalization and survival study in heart failure) study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012, 59(18): 1598-1603.
38. Arima H, Chalmers J, Woodward M, et al. Lower target blood pressures are safe and effective for the prevention of recurrent stroke: the PROGRESS trial. J Hypertens, 2006, 24(6): 1201-1208.
39. Arnold JM, Yusuf S, Young J, et al. Prevention of heart failure in patients in the heart outcomes prevention evaluation (HOPE) study. Circulation, 2003, 107(9): 1284-1290.
40. Reboldi G, Angeli F, Cavallini C, et al. Comparison between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and death: a meta-analysis. J Hypertens, 2008, 26(7): 1282-1289.
41. Dowlatshahi D, Hill MD. Angiotensin receptor blockers and secondary stroke prevention: the MOSES study. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 2009, 7(5): 459-464.
42. Weber R, Weimar C, Blatchford J, et al. Telmisartan on top of antihypertensive treatment does not prevent progression of cerebral white matter lesions in the prevention regimen for eﬀectively avoiding second strokes (PRoFESS) MRI substudy. Stroke, 2012, 43(9): 2336-2342.
43. The ONTARGET Investigators. Telmisartan, ramipil or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med, 2008, 235: 1547-1559.
44. Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, et al. Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(23): 2204-2213.

Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

The interpretation of antihypertensive drugs rational use guideline: RAAS inhibitors for hypertension complications

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