COVID-19 has been an established and continuing health problem. For the first time, this consensus focused on multi-scenario populations in the home/community, hospitalization and rehabilitation periods, and addressed medical nutrition management issues on which no consensus had yet been reached. This consensus was formulated on the basis of a comprehensive review of the existing evidence combined with the opinions of experts, with a view to complementing the existing guidelines/consensus.
Copyright © the editorial department of Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine of West China Medical Publisher. All rights reserved
| 1. | WHO. WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. 2023. |
| 2. | WHO. COVID-19 eliminated a decade of progress in global level of life expectancy. 2024. |
| 3. | Ravioli S, Ochsner H, Lindner G. Reactivation of COVID-19 pneumonia: a report of two cases. J Infect, 2020, 81(2): e72-e73. |
| 4. | Lafaie L, Célarier T, Goethals L, et al. Recurrence or relapse of COVID-19 in older patients: a description of three cases. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2020, 68(10): 2179-2183. |
| 5. | 新型冠状病毒感染诊疗方案(试行第十版). 心肺血管病杂志, 2023, 42(1): 1-8. |
| 6. | Pérez-Torres A, Caverni Muñoz A, Lou Arnal LM, et al. Multidisciplinary nutritional consensus on assessment and nutritional dietary treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nefrologia (Engl Ed), 2021, 41(4): 453-460. |
| 7. | Tronco Hernandez YA, Julian A, Weekes EC, et al. Developing a consensus to support health and social care professionals and patients manage nutrition in the context of COVID-19 recovery. J Hum Nutr Diet, 2023, 36(4): 1242-1252. |
| 8. | 陈佩云, 李子慧, 黄厚强, 等. 新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎背景下公众营养管理最佳证据总结. 广西医学, 2020, 42(13): 1713-1717. |
| 9. | 陈伟, 杨月欣, 杨晓光, 等. 新型冠状病毒肺炎防治营养膳食指导建议. 营养学报, 2020, 42(1): 1-2. |
| 10. | 姜利, 潘纯, 桑岭, 等. 重症新型冠状病毒肺炎管理专家推荐意见. 中华重症医学电子杂志(网络版), 2020, 6(1): 1-11. |
| 11. | 康军仁, 于康, 刘燕萍, 等. 新型冠状病毒感染患者营养支持治疗专家建议(2023). 协和医学杂志, 2023, 14(1): 75-80. |
| 12. | 李霞, 黄凡素. 糖脂代谢紊乱合并新型冠状病毒感染的老年患者营养管理专家指导建议. 中国糖尿病杂志, 2023, 31(1): 2-6. |
| 13. | 施咏梅, 蒋咏梅, 罗茜, 等. 瑞金医院新型冠状病毒感染病人营养治疗建议(2023版). 外科理论与实践, 2023, 28(1): 49-52. |
| 14. | 汪之顼, 赖建强, 曾果. 新型冠状病毒感染防控期间妇幼人群居家膳食/喂养指导建议. 中国营养学会, 2020. |
| 15. | 朱明炜, 丁丽丽, 陈丽如, 等. 基于国家第十版诊疗方案的新型冠状病毒感染住院患者的医学营养治疗. 中华临床营养杂志, 2023, 31(1): 54-57. |
| 16. | 杨春晓, 李石军, 刁长冬, 等. 新型冠状病毒肺炎重型危重型患者的规范化营养治疗药学服务路径. 医药导报, 2020, 39(5): 645-649. |
| 17. | 于康, 陈伟, 秦瑛, 等. 新型冠状病毒肺炎患者医院营养管理专家意见(2020). 协和医学杂志, 2021, 12(1): 27-32. |
| 18. | 张家瑛, 邵春海, 杨嘉红, 等. 新型冠状病毒肺炎危重症患者营养治疗专家建议. 中国临床医学, 2020, 27(2): 167-174. |
| 19. | 中国老年医学学会营养与食品安全分会. 新型冠状病毒感染肺炎流行时期居家老年人群营养膳食紧急推荐. 中国循证医学杂志, 2020, 20(5): 515-524. |
| 20. | Mechanick JI, Carbone S, Dickerson RN, et al. Clinical nutrition research and the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review of the ASPEN COVID-19 Task Force on nutrition research. Jpen J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2021, 45(1): 13-31. |
| 21. | Barros-Neto JA, Mello CS, Vasconcelos SML, et al. Association between being underweight and excess body weight before SARS coronavirus type 2 infection and clinical outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019: multicenter study. Nutrition, 2022, 101: 111677. |
| 22. | Beaney T, Neves AL, Alboksmaty A, et al. Trends and associated factors for Covid-19 hospitalisation and fatality risk in 2. 3 million adults in England. Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1): 2356. |
| 23. | Eastment MC, Berry K, Locke E, et al. BMI and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 among US veterans. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2021, 29(5): 900-908. |
| 24. | Ioannou GN, Locke E, Green P, et al. Risk factors for hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, or death among 10 131 US veterans with SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA Netw Open, 2020, 3(9): e2022310. |
| 25. | Mehta HB, Li S, Goodwin JS. Risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections, hospitalization, and mortality among US nursing home residents. JAMA Netw Open, 2021, 4(3): e216315. |
| 26. | Sakamoto Y, Satoh K, Tanaka T, et al. Risk factors associated with hospitalization in patients with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 in public accommodation facilities in Tokyo. J Infect Chemother, 2022, 28(10): 1439-1444. |
| 27. | Kompaniyets L, Goodman AB, Belay B, et al. Body mass index and risk for COVID-19-related hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death - United States, March-December 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2021, 70(10): 355-361. |
| 28. | Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. BMJ, 2020, 369: m1966. |
| 29. | Reilev M, Kristensen KB, Pottegård A, et al. Characteristics and predictors of hospitalization and death in the first 11 122 cases with a positive RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 in Denmark: a nationwide cohort. Int J Epidemiol, 2020, 49(5): 1468-1481. |
| 30. | Singh S, Bilal M, Pakhchanian H, et al. Impact of obesity on outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in the United States: a multicenter electronic health records network study. Gastroenterology, 2020, 159(6): 2221-2225. |
| 31. | Castilla J, Guevara M, Miqueleiz A, et al. Risk factors of infection, hospitalization and death from SARS-CoV-2: a population-based cohort study. J Clin Med, 2021, 10(12): 2608. |
| 32. | Fresán U, Guevara M, Elía F, et al. Independent role of severe obesity as a risk factor for COVID-19 hospitalization: a Spanish population-based cohort study. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2021, 29(1): 29-37. |
| 33. | Chandarana H, Pisuchpen N, Krieger R, et al. Association of body composition parameters measured on CT with risk of hospitalization in patients with Covid-19. Eur J Radiol, 2021, 145: 110031. |
| 34. | Yoshiji S, Tanaka D, Minamino H, et al. Causal associations between body fat accumulation and COVID-19 severity: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2022, 13: 899625. |
| 35. | Feng X, Liu Z, He X, et al. Risk of malnutrition in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 2022, 14(24): 5267. |
| 36. | 吴石威, 宁丽娟, 胡毅翔, 等. 采用NRS2002评估新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的营养风险及与临床结局的关系研究. 中南药学, 2020, 18(5): 743-747. |
| 37. | Can B, Senturk Durmus N, Olgun Yıldızeli S, et al. Nutrition risk assessed by Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 is associated with in-hospital mortality in older patients with COVID-19. Nutr Clin Pract, 2022, 37(3): 605-614. |
| 38. | Pinheiro VE, Ribeiro AS, Camillo CAM, et al. Undernutrition risk is independently associated with worsened indicators of hospital rehabilitation in COVID-19 patients. Hosp Pract (1995), 2023, 51(5): 267-274. |
| 39. | Cederholm T, Bosaeus I, Barazzoni R, et al. Diagnostic criteria for malnutrition - an ESPEN Consensus Statement. Clin Nutr, 2015, 34(3): 335-340. |
| 40. | Boaz M, Kaufman-Shriqui V. Systematic review and meta-analysis: malnutrition and in-hospital death in adults hospitalized with COVID-19. Nutrients, 2023, 15(5): 1298. |
| 41. | Ponce J, Anzalone AJ, Bailey K, et al. Impact of malnutrition on clinical outcomes in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2022, 46(8): 1797-1807. |
| 42. | Da Porto A, Tascini C, Peghin M, et al. Prognostic role of malnutrition diagnosed by bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in older adults hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia: a prospective study. Nutrients, 2021, 13(11): 4085. |
| 43. | Tadayon Najafabadi B, Rayner DG, Shokraee K, et al. Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID-19 severity and mortality. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2023, (5): CD015201. |
| 44. | Marano D, Amaral Y, Rebelo F, et al. The effect of obesity on the mortality of hospitalized adults with COVID-19 considering the human development index: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev, 2023, 24(9): e13591. |
| 45. | Halaweh H, Ghannam I. The devastating trio of sarcopenia, frailty, and COVID-19 - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2022, 51: 143-151. |
| 46. | Cornejo-Pareja I, Vegas-Aguilar IM, Fernández-Jiménez R, et al. Phase angle and COVID-19: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord, 2023, 24(3): 525-542. |
| 47. | 许永春, 许毓灵, 余涛, 等. 血清白蛋白及血清C反应蛋白检测在新型冠状病毒肺炎中的临床意义. 军事医学, 2020, 44(5): 374-378. |
| 48. | Cui N, Tong H, Li Y, et al. Role of prealbumin in predicting the prognosis of severely and critically ill COVID-19 patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2021, 105(3): 718-726. |
| 49. | Sobczyk MK, Gaunt TR. The effect of circulating zinc, selenium, copper and vitamin K1 on COVID-19 outcomes: a Mendelian randomization study. Nutrients, 2022, 14(2): 233. |
| 50. | Fromonot J, Gette M, Ben Lassoued A, et al. Hypozincemia in the early stage of COVID-19 is associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19. Clin Nutr, 2022, 41(12): 3115-3119. |
| 51. | 黄婷婷, 严彩红, 王玲, 等. 小分子肽口服营养补充在重型新型冠状病毒肺炎患者中的应用. 中国食物与营养, 2021, 27(3): 76-80. |
| 52. | Torrinhas RS, Ribeiro PC, Syagha Y, et al. Gastrointestinal and sensory manifestations, nutrition management, and energy-protein intake in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Nutr Clin Pract, 2022, 37(5): 1152-1161. |
| 53. | Chen Y, Wu Y, Ran W, et al. Early oral nutritional supplement improves COVID-19 outcomes among hospitalized older patients during the Omicron wave. Nutrition, 2023, 113: 112087. |
| 54. | Taylor BR, Grant S, McCoy M, et al. Effect of early nutrition support on length of stay, mortality, and extubation in patients with COVID-19. Nutr Clin Pract, 2022, 37(4): 852-860. |
| 55. | Haines K, Parker V, Ohnuma T, et al. Role of early enteral nutrition in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients. Crit Care Explor, 2022, 4(4): e0683. |
| 56. | Damanti S, Cilla M, Cilona M, et al. Prevalence of long COVID-19 symptoms after hospital discharge in frail and robust patients. Front Med (Lausanne), 2022, 9: 834887. |
| 57. | 中华医学会老年医学分会. 老年患者衰弱评估与干预中国专家共识. 中华老年医学杂志, 2017, 36(3): 251-256. |
| 58. | Harenwall S, Heywood-Everett S, Henderson R, et al. Post-Covid-19 syndrome: improvements in health-related quality of life following psychology-led interdisciplinary virtual rehabilitation. J Prim Care Community Health, 2021, 12: 21501319211067674. |
| 59. | Ghanem J, Passadori A, Severac F, et al. effects of rehabilitation on long-COVID-19 patient's autonomy, symptoms and nutritional observance. Nutrients, 2022, 14(15): 3027. |
| 60. | Tosato M, Calvani R, Picca A, et al. Effects of l-arginine plus vitamin C supplementation on physical performance, endothelial function, and persistent fatigue in adults with long COVID: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Nutrients, 2022, 14(23): 4984. |
| 61. | Galluzzo V, Zazzara MB, Ciciarello F, et al. Fatigue in COVID-19 survivors: The potential impact of a nutritional supplement on muscle strength and function. Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2022, 51: 215-221. |
| 62. | Raciti L, De Luca R, Raciti G, et al. The use of palmitoylethanolamide in the treatment of long COVID: a real-life retrospective cohort study. Med Sci (Basel), 2022, 10(3): 37. |
| 63. | Capra AP, Ardizzone A, Crupi L, et al. Efficacy of palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin association on post-COVID olfactory dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Biomedicines, 2023, 11(8): 2189. |
| 64. | Gérard M, Mahmutovic M, Malgras A, et al. Long-term evolution of malnutrition and loss of muscle strength after COVID-19: a major and neglected component of long COVID-19. Nutrients, 2021, 13(11): 3964. |
| 65. | Álvarez-Hernández J, Matía-Martín P, Cáncer-Minchot E, et al. Long-term outcomes in critically ill patients who survived COVID-19: the NUTRICOVID observational cohort study. Clin Nutr, 2023, 42(10): 2029-2035. |
- 1. WHO. WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. 2023.
- 2. WHO. COVID-19 eliminated a decade of progress in global level of life expectancy. 2024.
- 3. Ravioli S, Ochsner H, Lindner G. Reactivation of COVID-19 pneumonia: a report of two cases. J Infect, 2020, 81(2): e72-e73.
- 4. Lafaie L, Célarier T, Goethals L, et al. Recurrence or relapse of COVID-19 in older patients: a description of three cases. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2020, 68(10): 2179-2183.
- 5. 新型冠状病毒感染诊疗方案(试行第十版). 心肺血管病杂志, 2023, 42(1): 1-8.
- 6. Pérez-Torres A, Caverni Muñoz A, Lou Arnal LM, et al. Multidisciplinary nutritional consensus on assessment and nutritional dietary treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nefrologia (Engl Ed), 2021, 41(4): 453-460.
- 7. Tronco Hernandez YA, Julian A, Weekes EC, et al. Developing a consensus to support health and social care professionals and patients manage nutrition in the context of COVID-19 recovery. J Hum Nutr Diet, 2023, 36(4): 1242-1252.
- 8. 陈佩云, 李子慧, 黄厚强, 等. 新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎背景下公众营养管理最佳证据总结. 广西医学, 2020, 42(13): 1713-1717.
- 9. 陈伟, 杨月欣, 杨晓光, 等. 新型冠状病毒肺炎防治营养膳食指导建议. 营养学报, 2020, 42(1): 1-2.
- 10. 姜利, 潘纯, 桑岭, 等. 重症新型冠状病毒肺炎管理专家推荐意见. 中华重症医学电子杂志(网络版), 2020, 6(1): 1-11.
- 11. 康军仁, 于康, 刘燕萍, 等. 新型冠状病毒感染患者营养支持治疗专家建议(2023). 协和医学杂志, 2023, 14(1): 75-80.
- 12. 李霞, 黄凡素. 糖脂代谢紊乱合并新型冠状病毒感染的老年患者营养管理专家指导建议. 中国糖尿病杂志, 2023, 31(1): 2-6.
- 13. 施咏梅, 蒋咏梅, 罗茜, 等. 瑞金医院新型冠状病毒感染病人营养治疗建议(2023版). 外科理论与实践, 2023, 28(1): 49-52.
- 14. 汪之顼, 赖建强, 曾果. 新型冠状病毒感染防控期间妇幼人群居家膳食/喂养指导建议. 中国营养学会, 2020.
- 15. 朱明炜, 丁丽丽, 陈丽如, 等. 基于国家第十版诊疗方案的新型冠状病毒感染住院患者的医学营养治疗. 中华临床营养杂志, 2023, 31(1): 54-57.
- 16. 杨春晓, 李石军, 刁长冬, 等. 新型冠状病毒肺炎重型危重型患者的规范化营养治疗药学服务路径. 医药导报, 2020, 39(5): 645-649.
- 17. 于康, 陈伟, 秦瑛, 等. 新型冠状病毒肺炎患者医院营养管理专家意见(2020). 协和医学杂志, 2021, 12(1): 27-32.
- 18. 张家瑛, 邵春海, 杨嘉红, 等. 新型冠状病毒肺炎危重症患者营养治疗专家建议. 中国临床医学, 2020, 27(2): 167-174.
- 19. 中国老年医学学会营养与食品安全分会. 新型冠状病毒感染肺炎流行时期居家老年人群营养膳食紧急推荐. 中国循证医学杂志, 2020, 20(5): 515-524.
- 20. Mechanick JI, Carbone S, Dickerson RN, et al. Clinical nutrition research and the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review of the ASPEN COVID-19 Task Force on nutrition research. Jpen J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2021, 45(1): 13-31.
- 21. Barros-Neto JA, Mello CS, Vasconcelos SML, et al. Association between being underweight and excess body weight before SARS coronavirus type 2 infection and clinical outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019: multicenter study. Nutrition, 2022, 101: 111677.
- 22. Beaney T, Neves AL, Alboksmaty A, et al. Trends and associated factors for Covid-19 hospitalisation and fatality risk in 2. 3 million adults in England. Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1): 2356.
- 23. Eastment MC, Berry K, Locke E, et al. BMI and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 among US veterans. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2021, 29(5): 900-908.
- 24. Ioannou GN, Locke E, Green P, et al. Risk factors for hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, or death among 10 131 US veterans with SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA Netw Open, 2020, 3(9): e2022310.
- 25. Mehta HB, Li S, Goodwin JS. Risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections, hospitalization, and mortality among US nursing home residents. JAMA Netw Open, 2021, 4(3): e216315.
- 26. Sakamoto Y, Satoh K, Tanaka T, et al. Risk factors associated with hospitalization in patients with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 in public accommodation facilities in Tokyo. J Infect Chemother, 2022, 28(10): 1439-1444.
- 27. Kompaniyets L, Goodman AB, Belay B, et al. Body mass index and risk for COVID-19-related hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death - United States, March-December 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2021, 70(10): 355-361.
- 28. Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. BMJ, 2020, 369: m1966.
- 29. Reilev M, Kristensen KB, Pottegård A, et al. Characteristics and predictors of hospitalization and death in the first 11 122 cases with a positive RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 in Denmark: a nationwide cohort. Int J Epidemiol, 2020, 49(5): 1468-1481.
- 30. Singh S, Bilal M, Pakhchanian H, et al. Impact of obesity on outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in the United States: a multicenter electronic health records network study. Gastroenterology, 2020, 159(6): 2221-2225.
- 31. Castilla J, Guevara M, Miqueleiz A, et al. Risk factors of infection, hospitalization and death from SARS-CoV-2: a population-based cohort study. J Clin Med, 2021, 10(12): 2608.
- 32. Fresán U, Guevara M, Elía F, et al. Independent role of severe obesity as a risk factor for COVID-19 hospitalization: a Spanish population-based cohort study. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2021, 29(1): 29-37.
- 33. Chandarana H, Pisuchpen N, Krieger R, et al. Association of body composition parameters measured on CT with risk of hospitalization in patients with Covid-19. Eur J Radiol, 2021, 145: 110031.
- 34. Yoshiji S, Tanaka D, Minamino H, et al. Causal associations between body fat accumulation and COVID-19 severity: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2022, 13: 899625.
- 35. Feng X, Liu Z, He X, et al. Risk of malnutrition in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 2022, 14(24): 5267.
- 36. 吴石威, 宁丽娟, 胡毅翔, 等. 采用NRS2002评估新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的营养风险及与临床结局的关系研究. 中南药学, 2020, 18(5): 743-747.
- 37. Can B, Senturk Durmus N, Olgun Yıldızeli S, et al. Nutrition risk assessed by Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 is associated with in-hospital mortality in older patients with COVID-19. Nutr Clin Pract, 2022, 37(3): 605-614.
- 38. Pinheiro VE, Ribeiro AS, Camillo CAM, et al. Undernutrition risk is independently associated with worsened indicators of hospital rehabilitation in COVID-19 patients. Hosp Pract (1995), 2023, 51(5): 267-274.
- 39. Cederholm T, Bosaeus I, Barazzoni R, et al. Diagnostic criteria for malnutrition - an ESPEN Consensus Statement. Clin Nutr, 2015, 34(3): 335-340.
- 40. Boaz M, Kaufman-Shriqui V. Systematic review and meta-analysis: malnutrition and in-hospital death in adults hospitalized with COVID-19. Nutrients, 2023, 15(5): 1298.
- 41. Ponce J, Anzalone AJ, Bailey K, et al. Impact of malnutrition on clinical outcomes in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2022, 46(8): 1797-1807.
- 42. Da Porto A, Tascini C, Peghin M, et al. Prognostic role of malnutrition diagnosed by bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in older adults hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia: a prospective study. Nutrients, 2021, 13(11): 4085.
- 43. Tadayon Najafabadi B, Rayner DG, Shokraee K, et al. Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID-19 severity and mortality. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2023, (5): CD015201.
- 44. Marano D, Amaral Y, Rebelo F, et al. The effect of obesity on the mortality of hospitalized adults with COVID-19 considering the human development index: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev, 2023, 24(9): e13591.
- 45. Halaweh H, Ghannam I. The devastating trio of sarcopenia, frailty, and COVID-19 - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2022, 51: 143-151.
- 46. Cornejo-Pareja I, Vegas-Aguilar IM, Fernández-Jiménez R, et al. Phase angle and COVID-19: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord, 2023, 24(3): 525-542.
- 47. 许永春, 许毓灵, 余涛, 等. 血清白蛋白及血清C反应蛋白检测在新型冠状病毒肺炎中的临床意义. 军事医学, 2020, 44(5): 374-378.
- 48. Cui N, Tong H, Li Y, et al. Role of prealbumin in predicting the prognosis of severely and critically ill COVID-19 patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2021, 105(3): 718-726.
- 49. Sobczyk MK, Gaunt TR. The effect of circulating zinc, selenium, copper and vitamin K1 on COVID-19 outcomes: a Mendelian randomization study. Nutrients, 2022, 14(2): 233.
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