- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University. Dalian, Liaoning,116011, ChinaCorresponding Author: HUANGWei, E-mail: wanxianyao@ gmail. com;
呼吸机相关性肺炎( VAP) 是指患者接受机械通气治疗48 h 后至停用机械通气、拔除人工气道后48 h 内发生的肺实质的感染性炎症。为接受机械通气患者最常见的院内感
染。VAP的发生率和病死率由于诊断手段不同, 报道不一。国外报道, VAP 发生率为9% ~70% [ 1] , 病死率高达20% ~71% [ 2, 3] ; 国内医院调查, VAP发生率为48. 5% , 病死率为37. 5% [ 4] 。患者一旦发生VAP, 易造成撤机困难, 并可导致患者在ICU的停留时间及住院时间延长, 增加相关的医疗费用, 严重者可导致患者死亡。因此, VAP的早期预防、早期诊断和治疗就显得非常重要, 本文就近年来VAP 的诊治现状做一概述, 以供同道参考。
Citation: LUO Yunshan,WAN Xianyao. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2010, 9(3): 335-340. doi: Copy
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1. | Bauer TT,Ferrer R,Angrill J,et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia:incidence,risk factor and microbiology. Semin Respir Infect,2002,15:272-279. |
2. | Cook D. Ventilator-associated pneumonia:Perspectiveson the burden of illness. Intensive Care Med,2002,26(Supp1):S31-S37. |
3. | Morehead RS,Pinto SJ. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Arch Intern Med,2000,160:1926-1936. |
4. | 杨秀芬,阎锡新. 气囊上滞留物与呼吸机相关性肺炎的相关性研究. 中国呼吸与危重监护杂志,2005,4:271-274. |
5. | Marik PE,Varon J. Ventilator-associared pneumonia:science and hocus-pocus. Chest,2001,120:702-704. |
6. | Kollef MH,Fraser VJ. Antibiotic resistance in the intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med,2001,134:298-314. |
7. | 万献尧. 呼吸机相关性肺炎诊治进展. 医师进修杂志,2003,26(10):3-5. |
8. | Torres A,FàbregasN,Ew ig S,et al. Sampling methods for ventilator-associated pneumonia:validation using different histologic and microbiological references. Crit Care Med,2000,28:2799-2804. |
9. | 金浩承,何礼贤. 呼吸机相关性肺炎的病原学诊断技术与临床意义. 中国呼吸与危重监护杂志,2004,3:329-331. |
10. | ATS/IDSA. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired,ventilator-associated,and healthcare pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2005,171:388-416. |
11. | Lisboa T,Rello J. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia:Is there a gold standard and a simple approach?. Curr Opin Infect Dis,2008,21:174-178. |
12. | Ramirez P,Garcia MA,Ferrer M,et al. Sequential measurements of procalcitonin in diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J,2008,31:356-362. |
13. | Lisboa T,Seligman R,Diaz E,et al. C-reactive protein correlates with bacterial load and appropriate antibiotic therapy in suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med,2008,36:166-171. |
14. | Gibot S,Cravoisy A,Levy B,et al. Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells and the diagnosis of pneumonia. N Engl J Med,2004,350:451-458. |
15. | Nseir S,Ader F,Marquette CH. Nosocomial tracheobronchitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis,2009,22:148-153. |
16. | Nseir S. Aerosolized antibiotics for ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis:Let’s go with the flow!. Crit Care Med,2008,36:2191-2192. |
17. | Craven DE,Chroneou A,Zias NV,et al. Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis:the impact of targeted antibiotic therapy on patient outcomes. Chest,2009,135:252-255. |
18. | 虞燕波,段美丽,李昂,等. 呼吸机相关性肺炎诊疗进展. 中国全科医学,2007,10:72-74. |
19. | Marais BJ,Donald PR,Gie RP,et al. Diversity of disease manifesta-tions in childhood pulmonary tuberculosis. Ann Trop Paed,2005,25:79-86. |
20. | 印洁,施毅. 降阶梯治疗在重症肺部感染治疗中的地位. 中国呼吸与危重监护杂志,2008,7:9-12. |
21. | 王华静,张琴,李艳,等. 呼吸机相关性肺炎的病因及防治对策. 中华医院感染学杂志,2004,14:1232-1233. |
22. | Chastre J,Woff M,Fagon J Y,et al. Comparison of 8vs15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilaror-associated pneumonia in adults. JAMA,2003,290:2588-2598. |
23. | Palmer LB,Smaldone GC,Simon SR,et al. Aerosolized antibiotics in mechanically ventilated patients:Delivery and response. Crit Care Med,1998,26:31-39. |
24. | Palmer LB,Smaldone GC,Chen JJ,et al. Aerosolized antibiotics and ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med,2008,36:2008-2013. |
25. | 中华医学会重症医学分会. 危重患者营养支持指导意见(草案). 中国危重病急救医学,2006,18:582-590. |
26. | 梁志科,刘朝晖. 呼吸机相关性肺炎预防研究进展. 中华医院感染学杂志,2008,18:148-150. |
27. | 黄伟,万献尧. 再论脓毒症的集束化治疗策略. 中国呼吸与危重监护杂志,2009,8:106-109. |
28. | Dodek P,Keenan S,Cook D,et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ann Intern Med,2004,141:305-313. |
29. | Bonten MJ,Weinstein RA. Infection control in intensive care units and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect,2000,15:327-335. |
30. | Fields LB. Oral care intervention to reduce incidence of ventilator-associared pneumonia in the neurologic intensive care unit. J Neurosci Nurs,2008,40:291-198. |
31. | Collard HR,Raint S,Matthay MA. Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia:an evidence-based systematic review. Ann Intern Med,2003,138:494-501. |
32. | 中华医学会重症医学分会. 机械通气临床应用指南(2006). 中国危重病急救医学,2007,19:65-72. |
33. | Wain JC. Postintubation tracheal stenosis. Chest Surg Clin N Am,2003,13:231-246. |
34. | 俞森洋. 有创机械通气患者人工气道的选择:经鼻还是经口插管?是否要做早期气管切开?. 中国呼吸与危重监护杂志,2009,1:3-5. |
35. | Leal-Noval SR,Marquez-Vácaro JA,García-Curiel A,et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in patients undergoing heart surgery. Crit Care Med,2000,28:935-940. |
36. | Griffiths J,Barber VS,Morgan L,et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of the timing of tracheostomy in adult patients undergoing artificial ventilation. BMJ,2005,330:1243-1246. |
37. | Zack JE,Garrison T,Trovillion E,et al. Effect of an education program aimed at reducing the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med,2002,30:2407-2412. |
38. | Girou E,Schortgen F,Delclaux C,et al. Association of noninvasive ventilation with nosocomial infections and survival in critically ill patients. JAMA,2000,284:2361-2367. |
39. | Carlucci A,Richard JC,Wysocki M,et al. Noninvasive versus conventional mechanical ventilation.An epidemiologic survey. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2001,163:874-880. |
40. | Burns KE,Adhikari NK,Meade MO. A meta-analysis of noninvasive weaning to facilitate liberation from mechanical ventilation. Can J Anaesth,2006,53:305-315. |
41. | Nseir S,Favory R,Jozefowicz E,et al. Antimicrobial treatment for ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis:a randomized,controlled,multicenter study. Crit Care,2008,12:R62. |
42. | Palmer JB. Ventilator-associated infection. Curr Opin Pulm Med,2009,15:230-235. |
43. | Lakubtsevich RE,Spas VV,Dorokhin KM. Clinical course and intensive therapy of sepsis in geriatric patients. Klin Med(Mosk),2003,81:28-32. |
44. | De La Cal MA,Cerdá E,García-Hierro P,et al. Survival benefit in critically ill burned patients receiving selective decontamination of the digestive tract:a randomized,placebo-controlled,double-blind trial. Ann Surg,2005,241:424-430. |
45. | De Smet AM,Kluytmans JA,Cooper BS,et al. Decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in ICU patients. N Engl J Med,2009,360:20-31. |
- 1. Bauer TT,Ferrer R,Angrill J,et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia:incidence,risk factor and microbiology. Semin Respir Infect,2002,15:272-279.
- 2. Cook D. Ventilator-associated pneumonia:Perspectiveson the burden of illness. Intensive Care Med,2002,26(Supp1):S31-S37.
- 3. Morehead RS,Pinto SJ. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Arch Intern Med,2000,160:1926-1936.
- 4. 杨秀芬,阎锡新. 气囊上滞留物与呼吸机相关性肺炎的相关性研究. 中国呼吸与危重监护杂志,2005,4:271-274.
- 5. Marik PE,Varon J. Ventilator-associared pneumonia:science and hocus-pocus. Chest,2001,120:702-704.
- 6. Kollef MH,Fraser VJ. Antibiotic resistance in the intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med,2001,134:298-314.
- 7. 万献尧. 呼吸机相关性肺炎诊治进展. 医师进修杂志,2003,26(10):3-5.
- 8. Torres A,FàbregasN,Ew ig S,et al. Sampling methods for ventilator-associated pneumonia:validation using different histologic and microbiological references. Crit Care Med,2000,28:2799-2804.
- 9. 金浩承,何礼贤. 呼吸机相关性肺炎的病原学诊断技术与临床意义. 中国呼吸与危重监护杂志,2004,3:329-331.
- 10. ATS/IDSA. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired,ventilator-associated,and healthcare pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2005,171:388-416.
- 11. Lisboa T,Rello J. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia:Is there a gold standard and a simple approach?. Curr Opin Infect Dis,2008,21:174-178.
- 12. Ramirez P,Garcia MA,Ferrer M,et al. Sequential measurements of procalcitonin in diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J,2008,31:356-362.
- 13. Lisboa T,Seligman R,Diaz E,et al. C-reactive protein correlates with bacterial load and appropriate antibiotic therapy in suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med,2008,36:166-171.
- 14. Gibot S,Cravoisy A,Levy B,et al. Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells and the diagnosis of pneumonia. N Engl J Med,2004,350:451-458.
- 15. Nseir S,Ader F,Marquette CH. Nosocomial tracheobronchitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis,2009,22:148-153.
- 16. Nseir S. Aerosolized antibiotics for ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis:Let’s go with the flow!. Crit Care Med,2008,36:2191-2192.
- 17. Craven DE,Chroneou A,Zias NV,et al. Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis:the impact of targeted antibiotic therapy on patient outcomes. Chest,2009,135:252-255.
- 18. 虞燕波,段美丽,李昂,等. 呼吸机相关性肺炎诊疗进展. 中国全科医学,2007,10:72-74.
- 19. Marais BJ,Donald PR,Gie RP,et al. Diversity of disease manifesta-tions in childhood pulmonary tuberculosis. Ann Trop Paed,2005,25:79-86.
- 20. 印洁,施毅. 降阶梯治疗在重症肺部感染治疗中的地位. 中国呼吸与危重监护杂志,2008,7:9-12.
- 21. 王华静,张琴,李艳,等. 呼吸机相关性肺炎的病因及防治对策. 中华医院感染学杂志,2004,14:1232-1233.
- 22. Chastre J,Woff M,Fagon J Y,et al. Comparison of 8vs15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilaror-associated pneumonia in adults. JAMA,2003,290:2588-2598.
- 23. Palmer LB,Smaldone GC,Simon SR,et al. Aerosolized antibiotics in mechanically ventilated patients:Delivery and response. Crit Care Med,1998,26:31-39.
- 24. Palmer LB,Smaldone GC,Chen JJ,et al. Aerosolized antibiotics and ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med,2008,36:2008-2013.
- 25. 中华医学会重症医学分会. 危重患者营养支持指导意见(草案). 中国危重病急救医学,2006,18:582-590.
- 26. 梁志科,刘朝晖. 呼吸机相关性肺炎预防研究进展. 中华医院感染学杂志,2008,18:148-150.
- 27. 黄伟,万献尧. 再论脓毒症的集束化治疗策略. 中国呼吸与危重监护杂志,2009,8:106-109.
- 28. Dodek P,Keenan S,Cook D,et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ann Intern Med,2004,141:305-313.
- 29. Bonten MJ,Weinstein RA. Infection control in intensive care units and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect,2000,15:327-335.
- 30. Fields LB. Oral care intervention to reduce incidence of ventilator-associared pneumonia in the neurologic intensive care unit. J Neurosci Nurs,2008,40:291-198.
- 31. Collard HR,Raint S,Matthay MA. Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia:an evidence-based systematic review. Ann Intern Med,2003,138:494-501.
- 32. 中华医学会重症医学分会. 机械通气临床应用指南(2006). 中国危重病急救医学,2007,19:65-72.
- 33. Wain JC. Postintubation tracheal stenosis. Chest Surg Clin N Am,2003,13:231-246.
- 34. 俞森洋. 有创机械通气患者人工气道的选择:经鼻还是经口插管?是否要做早期气管切开?. 中国呼吸与危重监护杂志,2009,1:3-5.
- 35. Leal-Noval SR,Marquez-Vácaro JA,García-Curiel A,et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in patients undergoing heart surgery. Crit Care Med,2000,28:935-940.
- 36. Griffiths J,Barber VS,Morgan L,et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of the timing of tracheostomy in adult patients undergoing artificial ventilation. BMJ,2005,330:1243-1246.
- 37. Zack JE,Garrison T,Trovillion E,et al. Effect of an education program aimed at reducing the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med,2002,30:2407-2412.
- 38. Girou E,Schortgen F,Delclaux C,et al. Association of noninvasive ventilation with nosocomial infections and survival in critically ill patients. JAMA,2000,284:2361-2367.
- 39. Carlucci A,Richard JC,Wysocki M,et al. Noninvasive versus conventional mechanical ventilation.An epidemiologic survey. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2001,163:874-880.
- 40. Burns KE,Adhikari NK,Meade MO. A meta-analysis of noninvasive weaning to facilitate liberation from mechanical ventilation. Can J Anaesth,2006,53:305-315.
- 41. Nseir S,Favory R,Jozefowicz E,et al. Antimicrobial treatment for ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis:a randomized,controlled,multicenter study. Crit Care,2008,12:R62.
- 42. Palmer JB. Ventilator-associated infection. Curr Opin Pulm Med,2009,15:230-235.
- 43. Lakubtsevich RE,Spas VV,Dorokhin KM. Clinical course and intensive therapy of sepsis in geriatric patients. Klin Med(Mosk),2003,81:28-32.
- 44. De La Cal MA,Cerdá E,García-Hierro P,et al. Survival benefit in critically ill burned patients receiving selective decontamination of the digestive tract:a randomized,placebo-controlled,double-blind trial. Ann Surg,2005,241:424-430.
- 45. De Smet AM,Kluytmans JA,Cooper BS,et al. Decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in ICU patients. N Engl J Med,2009,360:20-31.