众所周知，机体存在免疫监视和抗肿瘤免疫功能，是防止肿瘤发生、发展的天然屏障，乳腺癌的发生说明机体免疫系统的监视作用已经失效，乳腺癌的发展提示机体自身的抗肿瘤免疫已不足以阻止肿瘤的生长，这一事实提示人们，在机体发生恶性肿瘤时，自身的防御机能减弱或受到抑制。因此，临床工作者一直不懈努力，探索各种用免疫学原理和技术治疗乳腺癌的方法，以提高临床治疗效果。随着科学技术的发展和进步，有关乳腺癌免疫治疗的基础和临床应用研究发展很快，成为基础研究和临床结合紧密的成功范例之一。各种新的理论、新的技术不断涌现，最新的实验研究成果快速引入临床实践，在很多方面已有明显的突破。目前，乳腺癌的免疫治疗已成为继手术治疗、放射治疗、化疗和内分泌治疗以外的新的有效治疗手段，并将随着研究的深入而起到越来越重要的作用。
Objective To review the recent studies on the suppressing function of breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) in breast cancer metastasis. Methods The recent literatures on the mechanisms of BRMS1 in the breast cancer that were published in and abroad were reviewed and summarized. Results BRMS1, similar to the other anti-metastasis genes, only suppresses the metastasis of breast cancer cells but has nothing to do with the growth of tumor. BRMS1 could suppress metastasis of tumor cells by reestablishing both the homospecific and the heterospecific gap junctional intercellular comminications (GJIC) and by altering the expressions of relevant metastasis genes in the breast cancer. Conclusion Further studies on BRMS1 may be helpful to understand the metastasis of breast cancer, which may provide a new way for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo review the status and controversy on skinsparing mastectomy (SSM) for breast cancer. MethodsThe pertinent literatures about SSM published recently to comprehend its relevant techniques and improvements in comparison with nonskinsparing mastectomy (NSSM) were analyzed and also the safety of SSM by analyzing the relationships between SSM and ductal carcinoma in situ, restrict nippleareola complex reservation, and postmastectomy radiotherapy were discussed. ResultsSkinsparing mastectomy combined with immediate breast reconstruction is a safe operative modality for T1/T2 tumor without skin adhesion, multicentric tumors, and ductal carcinoma in situ. What is more, it does not defer adjuvant therapy. However, it may be prudent to reserve the nippleareola complex only for peripherally located T1/T2 tumors and some other less serious invasion degree. Since the effect of SSM and immediate breast reconstruction on postmastectomy radiotherapy is confusing, there are still controversies on whether the patients who have already been operated should take radiotherapy. ConclusionSSM is a safe operative modality for selected patients with breast cancer, and delayed reconstruction may be a good choice for patients who would take postmastectomy radiotherapy.
【Abstract】Objective To investigate the changes of myoepithelial cells in mammary atypical hyperplasia and breast cancer. MethodsSP immunohistochemistry was used to detect actin expression in normal breast tissue, grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ atypical hyperplasia and breast cancer. Electromicroscopy was used to observe the changes of ultrastructure of myoepithelial cells. Results Actin was only detected in myoepithelial cells of normal breast tissue and grade Ⅰand Ⅱ atypical hyperplasia. The positive expression rates of actin in grade Ⅲ atypical hyperplasia（70%） and breast cancer（90%） were significantly higher than that in grade Ⅱ atypical hyperplasia（10%），P＜0.01. In mammary atypical hyperplasia, the number of myoepithelial cells increased with disturbed alignment and abnormal ultrastructure. The changes included that the protrusions on the cell surface diminished, myofilaments and pinosomes in the myoepithelial cells of grade Ⅱ, Ⅲ atypical hyperplasia decreased, and the irregularity of the nuclear morphosis and the increase of nuclear heterochromosome were found. ConclusionThe changes of actin expression in atypical hyperplasia are possibly correlated with carcinogenesis of breast cancer, and myoepithelial cells may play a role in carcinogenesis of breast cancer.