Cardiac rehabilitation can safely and effectively improve the quality of patient's life and reduce readmission rate and mortality after cardiac surgery. Early cardiac rehabilitation after cardiac surgery is an indispensable part of cardiac rehabilitation. It can speed up the recovery of patient's exercise endurance, prevention of postoperative complications, shorten the time of returning to the family, increase the confidence of sustained rehabilitation, and lay foundation and set rehabilitation targets for the later stage of cardiac rehabilitation. This paper reviews the development history of early cardiac rehabilitation after cardiac surgery, and summarizes the current status, problems and outlook of rehabilitation management in China.
随着人口的老龄化，越来越多的有症状或无症状的冠心病患者需接受非心脏外科手术。接受非心脏外科手术而死亡的患者大约有50%是由于心脏并发症所致［1］。围手术期发生的心脏并发症大约5%～10%为心肌梗死，主要发生于术后头3天，其病死率很高，可达32%～69%［2，3］。术后发生心肌梗死或不稳定型心绞痛的患者发生心血管问题的几率增加20倍［4］。因此，如何评估非心脏外科手术患者的心脏危险性，如何预防围手术期心脏并发症的发生，已成为外科医生十分关注的一个问题。
【摘要】 目的 探讨双水平无创正压通气(BiPAP)对心脏外科术后需要二次机械辅助通气患者的治疗效果。方法 2008年9月—2009年9月，收集心脏外科手术后成功脱离呼吸机辅助通气后心功能衰竭或呼吸功能衰竭需要二次机械通气的患者,符合纳入及排除标准者共53例，进行回顾性分析,根据治疗方案分为无创通气组(32例)和有创通气组(21例),在需要机械通气时(T1),机械通气后30 min(T2),机械通气后2 h(T3)及预计脱离机械通气时(T4),分别统计患者心率、血气分析等情况,比较氧分压、ICU停留时间及术后至出院时间。结果 给予辅助通气前,两组患者的心率及PO2无统计学差异(Pgt;0.05)。给予辅助通气后,无创通气组患者的心率由T1(130.8±21.10)次/min,下降到T2(125.60±21.36)次/min,T3(101.70±13.73)次/min,T4(87.40±9.35)次/min；PO2由T1(64.70±14.12) mm Hg,上升到T2 (121.40±30.19) mm Hg，T3 (140.40±25.29) mm Hg，T4 (132.90±16.33) mm Hg。有创通气组患者的心率由T1 (138.27±21. 39)次/min,下降到T2(118.18±18.03)次/min，T3(100.00±11.73)次/min，T4(87.00±10.70)次/min；PO2由T1 (61.45±13.56) mm Hg上升到T2(122.55±29.50) mm Hg，T3(138.91±24.77) mm Hg，T4(133.55±18.00) mm Hg。两组患者心率及PO2均较辅助通气前降低(Plt;0.05)。两组患者之间各时间点心率及PO2比较无差异(Pgt;0.05)。无创通气组的ICU停留时间及术后至出院时间分别为(1.75±2.97) d及(9.14±4.11) d，均低于有创通气组的(4.38±5.13) d及(14.00±0.82) d,有统计学意义(Plt;005)。结论 双水平无创正压通气可用于心脏外科术后需要二次机械通气的患者。
Objective To summarize the surgical experience of supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection(S-TAPVC) and study the surgical technique and outcomes for S -TAPVC. Methods Eightysix patients with S-TAPVC underwent the surgical repair from May 1985 to December 2007. There were 49 males and 37 females. The patients aged from 7 months to 35 years (mean 9.6 years) and weighed from 4.9 kg to 68.0 kg (mean 23.8 kg). The patients were divided into three groups by the approach for the anastomosis. There were 20 patients in groupⅠthrough the right atrium incision, 49 patients in group Ⅱ through the right and left atrium incisions and 17 patients in group Ⅲ through the top of the left atrium incision. The interrupt continuous anastomosis between the common pulmonary venous and the left atrium was used in all patients. The enlarged atrial septal defect(ASD) was repaired with autopericardium. The vertical vein was ligated if the postoperative left atrial pressure was less than 15 mm Hg. But the vertical vein was opened or just partialy ligated if the postoperative left atrial pressure was more than 15 mm Hg. Results There was no early operative death. The postoperative left atrial pressure in three groups were 9.3±3.2 mm Hg, 9.9±2.9 mm Hg and 11.6±3.8 mm Hg, respectively. The cases with open or just partly ligated vertical vein in three groups were 0 case （0%）, 7 cases (14.3%) and 2 cases (11.8%), respectively. The cases of arrhythmia in three groups were 5 cases （25.0％）, 15 cases （30.6%）and 1 case （5.9%）. The severely low cardiac output syndrome occurred in 2 patients and reoperation for bleeding in 2 patients. The morbidity of arrhythmia in group Ⅲ was less than in group Ⅱ（P=0.042）. Conclusion The outcome of surgical repair for S -TAPVC is satisfactory. The anastomosis through the top of the left atrium incision has low occurrence of arrhythmia. The anastomosis through the right and left atrium incision is easy to expose and to perform surgery, especial for old children and adult patients.
ObjectiveTo clarify the risk factors of diaphragmatic dysfunction (DD) after cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of patients who underwent cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation in the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Peking University People's Hospital from January 2023 to March 2024. Patients were divided into two groups according to the results of bedside diaphragm ultrasound: a DD group and a control group. The preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative indicators of the patients were compared and analyzed, and independent risk factors for DD were screened using multivariate logistic regression analysis. ResultsA total of 281 patients were included, with 32 patients in the DD group, including 23 males and 9 females, with an average age of (64.0±13.5) years. There were 249 patients in the control group, including 189 males and 60 females, with an average age of (58.0±11.2) years. The body mass index of the DD group was lower than that of the control group [(18.4±1.5) kg/m2 vs. (21.9±1.8) kg/m2, P=0.004], and the prevalence of hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, and renal insufficiency was higher in the DD group (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in intraoperative indicators (operation method, extracorporeal circulation time, aortic clamping time, and intraoperative nasopharyngeal temperature) between the two groups (P>0.05). In terms of postoperative aspects, the peak postoperative blood glucose in the DD group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P=0.001), and the proportion of patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy was significantly higher than that in the control group (P=0.001). The postoperative reintubation rate, tracheotomy rate, mechanical ventilation time, and intensive care unit stay time in the DD group were higher or longer than those in the control group (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that low body mass index [OR=0.72, 95%CI (0.41, 0.88), P=0.011], preoperative dialysis [OR=2.51, 95%CI (1.89, 4.14), P=0.027], low left ventricular ejection fraction [OR=0.88, 95%CI (0.71, 0.93), P=0.046], and postoperative hyperglycemia [OR=3.27, 95%CI (2.58, 5.32), P=0.009] were independent risk factors for DD. ConclusionThe incidence of DD is relatively high after cardiac surgery, and low body mass index, preoperative renal insufficiency requiring dialysis, low left ventricular ejection fraction, and postoperative hyperglycemia are risk factors for DD.
Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) is a kind of blood substitutes. It is a separated, ultra-purified, modified human or bovine hemoglobin in a balanced saline solution. After modification, it has longer half-time, less renal toxicity, and better delivery of O2 even at low temperature and pH. Its shelf life is long and it dose not require cross-matching. In the field of cardiac surgery, the use of HBOCs can reduce the amount of transfusion postoperatively, and can be used in cardiopulmonary bypass priming and myocardial protection.