Microcystic macular edema (MME) represents a pathological change that can be observed in the inner layer of the retina in patients diagnosed with glaucoma. This phenomenon is particularly prevalent in individuals with moderate to advanced glaucoma. The majority of research in this field has focused on primary open-angle glaucoma. The occurrence of MME in glaucoma has been demonstrated to be associated with younger age, advanced stage and disease progression. MME occurs in the parafoveal region, most frequently located in the inferior perimacular region, which corresponded with the most vulnerable area of ganglion cells in glaucoma. The presence of MME may affect the automatic layering of optical coherence tomography images, suggesting that clinicians should be mindful of the occurrence of MME to avoid misdiagnosis of the disease. It is hypothesised that the occurrence of MME in glaucoma may be related to macular vitreous traction, mechanical stress of the stent, and Müller cell dysfunction. A comprehensive investigation of the precise pathophysiological mechanism of MME in glaucoma will facilitate the development of a novel perspective and a scientific foundation for the diagnosis, disease monitoring and evaluation of treatment efficacy in glaucoma.
Objective To evaluate the application value of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Methods A comprehensive search of both domestic and international databases was conducted to identify clinical studies on the use of OCTA in OSAS, from the establishment of the databases to May 2024. A meta-analysis was performed using Revman 5.4 software. Results A total of 134 studies were initially identified, with 14 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, encompassing 999 subjects (739 in the OSAS group and 260 in the healthy group). Meta-analysis results indicated that the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) density in the fovea (MD=–2.05, 95%CI –3.75 to –0.35, P=0.02) and parafovea (MD=–1.56, 95%CI –2.44 to –0.68, P=0.000 5) was significantly lower in the OSAS group compared with the healthy group. In the mild to moderate OSAS group, SCP density was significantly lower in the fovea (MD=–2.41, 95%CI –4.32 to –0.49, P=0.01), parafovea (MD=–1.17, 95%CI –2.01 to –0.32, P=0.007), and perifovea (MD=–1.73, 95%CI –2.69 to –0.77, P=0.000 4) compared with the healthy group. In the severe OSAS group, SCP density in the perifovea (MD=–1.33, 95%CI –2.53 to –0.13, P=0.03) was significantly lower than that of the healthy group. SCP density in the whole area (MD=0.36, 95%CI 0.05 to 0.68, P=0.02) was significantly higher in the mild to moderate OSAS group compared with the severe OSAS group. In the deep capillary plexus (DCP) density, the OSAS group showed significantly lower densities in the whole area (MD=–2.16, 95%CI –3.51 to –0.81, P=0.002), fovea (MD=–2.38, 95%CI –4.38 to –0.37, P=0.02), and parafovea (MD=–2.33, 95%CI –3.93 to –0.73, P=0.004) compared with the healthy group. The mild to moderate OSAS group also showed significantly lower densities in the whole area (MD=–2.02, 95%CI –3.33 to –0.72, P=0.002) and parafovea (MD=–1.65, 95%CI –3.04 to –0.26, P=0.02) compared with the healthy group. The severe OSAS group had significantly lower DCP density in the whole area (MD=–2.26, 95%CI –3.85 to –0.66, P=0.006) and parafovea (MD=–1.47, 95%CI –2.31 to –0.62, P=0.000 7) compared with the healthy group. DCP density in the whole area (MD=0.54, 95%CI 0.02 to 1.07, P=0.04) was significantly higher in the mild to moderate OSAS group compared with the severe OSAS group. Regarding the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, the inferior quadrant (MD=4.01, 95%CI 0.69 to 7.32, P=0.02) and temporal quadrant (MD=4.35, 95%CI 1.88 to 6.82, P=0.000 6) were significantly thicker in the mild to moderate OSAS group compared with the severe OSAS group. In terms of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, the severe OSAS group showed a significantly larger FAZ area (MD=0.06, 95%CI 0.03 to 0.08, P<0.000 01) compared with the healthy group. Conclusion OCTA-related ocular biomarkers may be associated with the occurrence and progression of OSAS and have potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of OSAS.
The three-dimensional (3D) liver and tumor segmentation of liver computed tomography (CT) has very important clinical value for assisting doctors in diagnosis and prognosis. This paper proposes a tumor 3D conditional generation confrontation segmentation network (T3scGAN) based on conditional generation confrontation network (cGAN), and at the same time, a coarse-to-fine 3D automatic segmentation framework is used to accurately segment liver and tumor area. This paper uses 130 cases in the 2017 Liver and Tumor Segmentation Challenge (LiTS) public data set to train, verify and test the T3scGAN model. Finally, the average Dice coefficients of the validation set and test set segmented in the 3D liver regions were 0.963 and 0.961, respectively, while the average Dice coefficients of the validation set and test set segmented in the 3D tumor regions were 0.819 and 0.796, respectively. Experimental results show that the proposed T3scGAN model can effectively segment the 3D liver and its tumor regions, so it can better assist doctors in the accurate diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer.
ObjectiveTo investigate the course of the idiopathic macular hole (IMH) clinically diagnosed as at stage Ⅰ-Ⅳ by optical coherence tomography (OCT), and analyze the relationship between the posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and the course of IMH. MethodsHadn′t undergone any operation, periodical OCT were performed on 72 eyes of 58 patients with IMH at stage Ⅰ-Ⅳ confirmed by Gass standard and the features of OCT images.ResultsThe longest follow-up period was 43 months (average 13.4 months), and the examine times of OCT on each eye were between twice to 10 times (average 4.7 times). During the followup period, 23 eyes were in stage I in which 9 (39.1%) developed to stage II and 2 had recovered normal curve of fovea after PVD; 19 were in stage II in which 13 (68.4%) developed to Ⅲ-Ⅳ and 1 had closed hole after PVD; 11 were in stage III in which 5 (45.5%) developed to stage IV and 1 had partly closed hole 12 months later. The images of OCT showed that the process of macular hole was consistent with the course that vitreous depart from retina from the circumference of fovea till entire posterior detachment.Fifteen affected eyes in this series of patients had undcrygong surgical treatment due to serious progression of IMH in follow-up period. ConclusionsThere is a close relationship between the formation and development of macular hole and the occurrence of PVD. OCT can show the progress of the macular hole directly and offer an important technique in diagnosis, classification and surgical treatment of IMH. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2005,21:79-82)
目的 探讨结核病在18氟-脱氧葡萄糖（18F-FDG）正电子发射断层扫描术（PET）中的影像学表现，提高对PET/CT在肺部包块诊断作用的认识，减少误诊。 方法 回顾分析2010年3月收治的1例肺结核合并纵隔淋巴结结核病患者的误诊及诊断治疗经过，分析误诊原因并总结诊治经验，结合文献复习肺部包块在PET/CT中的表现及临床特点。 结果 患者为肺部包块伴纵隔淋巴结包块，胸部CT提示肺癌伴纵隔淋巴结转移，PET/CT也考虑左肺下叶肺癌伴淋巴结转移。最后经纵隔镜淋巴结活检确诊结核，并抗结核治疗好转。 结论 结核等感染性疾病常可导致18F-FDG的摄取增加而造成PET/CT阳性结果，因此在18F-FDG PET/CT呈现阳性结果时须注意鉴别病变良恶性，其中高标准摄入值包块尤其需要注意与结核病相鉴别。
Objective To investigate the situation and prospect of local recurrence of rectal cancer by using CT and MRI. Method Relevant references about the imaging diagnosis of local recurrence of rectal cancer， which were published domestic and abroad in recent years， were collected and reviewed. Results In the diagnosis of local recurrence of rectal cancer， the sensitivity of CT was higher than that of MRI， while the specificity and accuracy were not. Perfusion CT， dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI， and diffusion weighted imaging were valuable in diagnosing local recurrence of rectal cancer， as new diagnostic techniques. Conclusion Both CT and MRI are important and valuable methods in diagnosing for local recurrence of rectal cancer.
There are various examination methods for cardiovascular diseases. Non-invasive diagnosis and prognostic information acquisition are the current research hotspots of related imaging examinations. Positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a new advanced fusion imaging technology that combines the molecular imaging of PET with the soft tissue contrast function of MRI to achieve their complementary advantages. This article briefly introduces several major aspects of cardiac PET/MRI in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis, ischemic cardiomyopathy, nodular heart disease, and myocardial amyloidosis, in order to promote cardiac PET/MRI to be more widely used in precision medicine in this field.