To valuate cerebral protection by retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) via superior vena cava,the study results for the last ten years have been reviewed.RCP is regarded as an assistant method in deep hypothermic circulatory arrest(DHCA) in that it provides partial brain blood flow,maintains a low brain temperature,optimizes cerebral metabolic function during DHCA by supplying oxygen and some nutrient and removal of catabolic products;it also reduces the incidence of cerebral embolization by flushing out air...
Abstract: Objective To observe the influence of various methods of cerebral protection during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA ) on S-100 protein. Methods Eighteen dogs were randomly and equally divided into three groups: the deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA group ) , the DHCA with retrograde cerebral perfusion (DHCA + RCP group ) , and the DHCA with intermittent antegrade cerebral perfusion (DHCA + IACP group ). Upon interruption of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) , the nasopharyngeal temperature was slowly lowered to 18℃, before CPB was discontinued for 90 minutes, after 90 minutes, CPB was re-established and the body temperature was gradually restored to 36℃, then CPB was terminated. Before the circulatory arrest, 45min, 90min after the circulatory arrest and 15min, 30min after re-established of CPB, blood samples were drawn from the jugular veins fo r assay of S-100 protein. Upon completion of surgery, the dogs was sacrificed and the hippocampus was removed from the brain, properly processed for examination by transmission electron microscope for changes in the ultrastructure of the brain and nerve cells. Results There was no significant difference in the content of S-100 protein before circulatory arrest among all three groups (P gt; 0.05). After circulatory arrest, DHCA and DHCA +RCP group showed an significant increase in the content of S-100 protein (P lt; 0.01). There was no significant difference in the content of S-100 protein after circulatory arrest in DHCA + IACP group. Conclusion Cerebral ischemic injuries would occur if the period of DHCA is prolonged. RCP during DHCA would provide protection for the brain to some extent, but it is more likely to cause dropsy in the brain and nerve cells. On the other hand IACP during DHCA appears to provide better brain protection.
Objective To investigate different gases and hematocrits on cerebral injury during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) in a piglet model including monitoring by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Methods Twenty-four piglets were assigned to 4 groups with respect to different blood gas and hematocrit during DHCA. Group A: hematocrit was maintained between 0.25 to 0.30, pH-stat strategy during cooling phases and alpha stat strategy in other phases; group B: hematocrit was maintained between 0.25 to 0.30 and alpha stat strategy; group C: hematocrit was maintained between 0.20 to 0.25, pH-stat strategy during cooling phases and alpha stat strategy in other phases; group D: hematocrit was maintained between 0.20 to 0.25 and alpha stat strategy. Cerebral oxygenations of piglets were monitored continuously by NIRS. The brain was fixed in situ at 6 hours after operation and a histological score for neurological injury was assessed. Results Oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) and total hemoglobin (HbT) signals detected by NIRS were significantly lower in group D than those in group A and group B during cooling (Plt;0.05). Oxygenated hemoglobin nadir time was significantly shorter in group A(Plt;0.05). All piglets with oxygenated hemoglobin signal nadir time less than 25 minutes were free from histological evidence of brain injury. Conclusion Combination of pH-stat strategy and higher hematocrit reduces neurological injury after DHCA.
Abstract： Objective To determine the risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) after thoracic aortic arch replacement surgery under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA). Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 139 patients who underwent thoracic aortic arch replacement surgery under DHCA between January 2004 and December 2008 in Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital University of Medical Sciences. The patients were divided into two gro-ups according to whether AKI occurred after thoracic aortic arch replacement surgery. In the AKI gro-up (n=48), there were 39 males and 9 females with an age of 57.67±9.56 years. In the normal renal function gro-up (n=91), there were 69 males and 22 females with an age of 41.30±13.37 years. We observed the clinical data of the patients in both gro-ups, including left ventricular ejecting fraction (LVEF) before operation, diameter of the left ventricle, diameter of the ascending aorta, renal function, cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic crossclamp time, and DHCA time. The risk factors for AKI and death after operation were evaluated by univariate analysis and stepwise logistic regression analysis. Results Among all the patients, AKI occurred in 48 (34.53%), 17 (12.23%) of whom underwent continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Respiratory failure occurred in 27 patients (19.42%). Twentynine patients (20.86%) had cerebral complications, including temporary cerebral dysfunction in 26 patients and permanent cerebral dysfunction in 3 patients. In all the patients, 14 (10.07%) died, including 4 patients of heart failure, 9 patients of multiple organ failure, and 1 patient of cerebral infarction. There were 3 (3.30%)deaths in the normal renal function gro-up and 11 (22.92%) deaths in the AKI gro-up with a significant difference of mortality rate between the two gro-ups (P=0.011). A total of 118 patients were followed -up and 7 were lost. The follow-up time was from 5 to 56 months with an average time of 42 months. During the follow-up period, 7 patients died, including 3 patients of heart failure, 2 patients of cerebral apoplexy, and 2 patients of unknown reasons. The logistic regression analysis revealed that creatinine level was greater than 13260 μmol/L before operation (OR=1.042, P=0.021) and respiratory failure (OR=2.057, P=0.002) were independent determinants for AKI after the operation. Conclusion AKI is the most common complication of thoracic aortic arch replacement surgery under DHCA, and is the risk factor of mortality after the surgery. It is important to enhance perioperative protection of the renal function.
Abstract： Objective To evaluate the clinical safety and neurological outcomes of right axillary artery cannulation with a side graft compared with a direct approachin aortic arch replacement for patients with acute Stanford type A aortic dissection. Methods Between July 2008 and July 2010， 280 consecutive patients with acute Stanford type A aortic dissection underwent right axillary artery cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass （CPB） in total arch replacement and stented “elephant trunk” implantation in our hospital.These 280 patients were divided into two groups according to the method of axillary artery cannulation in operation:direct arterial cannulation was used in 215 patients（direct arterial cannulationgroup， DG group， mean age of 43.1±9.5 years）， while cannulation with a side graft was used in 65 patients（ indirect cannulation group， IG group， mean age of 44.7±8.3 years）. Clinical characteristics of both groups were similar except their axillary artery cannulation method. Patient outcomes were compared as to the prevalence of clinical complications， especially neurological deficits and postoperative morbidity. Results The overall hospital mortality was 3.6% （10/280）， 3.3% （7/215） in DG group and 4.6% （3/65） in IG group respectively.Right axillary artery cannulation was successfully performed in all cases without any occurrence of malperfusion. Postoperatively， 25 patients（8.9%）developed temporaryneurological deficits， 19 cases in DG group（8.8%）， and 6 cases in IG group （9.2%）， and all these patients were cured after treatment. The incidence of postoperative complications directly related to axillary artery cannulation was significantly lower in IG group than that in DG group（1 case vs. 19 cases， P=0.045）. There were no statistical differences in arterial perfusion peak flow， peak pressure，antegrade cerebral perfusion time， deep hypothermic circulatory arrest time， and CPB time between the two groups（P ＞ 0.05）. Conclusion Right axillary artery cannulation with a side graftcan significantly reduce the postoperative complications of axillary artery cannulation. It is a safe and effective method for patients undergoing surgery for acute Stanford type A aortic dissection.
ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) with antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) on cognitive function of patients undergoing surgical therapy for acute Stanford type A aortic dissection (AD). MethodsBetween January 2009 and March 2012, 48 patients with acute Stanford type A AD underwent Sun's procedure (aortic arch replacement combined with stented elephant trunk implantation) under DHCA with ACP in Nanjing Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University. There were 40 males and 8 females with their age of 51.3±13.6 years. Circulatory arrest time and time for postoperative consciousness recovery were recorded. Preoperative and postoperative cognitive functions of each patient were evaluated by mini-mental status examination (MMSE). ResultsMean cardiopulmonary bypass time of the 48 patients was 237.3±58.5 minutes, and mean circulatory arrest time was 37.3 ±6.9 minutes. Four patients died postoperatively with the causes of death including lung infection, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, myocardial infarction and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Forty-one patients recovered their consciousness within 24 hours postoperatively, and the mean time for postoperative consciousness recovery was 15.3±6.5 hours. Preoperative MMSE score was 28.6±1.1 points, and MMSE score at 1 week postoperatively was 23.6±4.5 points. Thirty-one patients were followed up for 6 months with the follow-up rate of 70.45%. The average MMSE score of the 31 patients at 6 months after surgery was 27.6±2.1 points which was significantly higher than postoperative average MMSE score (P < 0.05), but not statistically different from preoperative average MMSE score (P > 0.05). ConclusionsDHCA with ACP can provide satisfactory cerebral protection for patients undergoing surgical therapy for acute Stanford type A AD, but patients' cognitive function may be adversely affected in the short term. As long as cerebral infarction or hemorrhage is excluded in CT scan of the brain, such adverse impact may generally disappear automatically within 6 months after surgery.