【摘要】目的探讨经乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺手术的可行性。方法回顾分析2007年12月2009年4 月采用经乳晕入路行腔镜甲状腺手术15例临床资料。结果术后患者均痊愈出院。手术时间90～200 min,平均135 min;术中出血20～60 mL,平均32 mL；均未出现喉返神经及甲状旁腺损伤等并发症;术后平均住院5 d。随访6 ～ 20个月,均无复发,患者对伤口满意。结论经乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺手术,安全可靠、并发症少、美容效果好、住院时间短,有应用前景。
ObjectiveTo explore the risk factors and bleeding points associated with postoperative hemorrhage after thyroidectomy and provide clinical basis for prevention of postoperative bleeding.MethodsThe clinical data of 21 patients with postoperative hemorrhage and 63 patients without postoperative hemorrhage who underwent thyroidectomy from Nov. 2010 to Nov. 2017 in West China Hospital were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsUnivariate analysis showed that hypertension, maximum tumour dimension, lymph node metastasis, recurrent laryngeal nerval infiltration, T stage, N stage, serum triglyceride, and serum high density lipoprotein were significantly associated with postoperative hemorrhage (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that lymph node metastasis (OR=16.219, P=0.002) and low serum high density lipoprotein (OR=0.035, P=0.006) were risk factors for postoperative hemorrhage. Among the patients with postoperative bleeding, the most common five bleeding sites were: ribbon muscle and sternocleidomastoid muscle (both was 19.2%), esophageal tracheal surface blood vessels (11.5%), thyroid bed (7.7%), and larynx recurrent paravascular small vessels (7.7%).ConclusionsLymph node metastasis and serum HDL are independent risk factors of hemorrhage after thyroidectomy. The predilection site for postoperative bleeding is mainly the neck muscle.
ObjectiveTo summarize the research status of mandibular sensory dysfunction after transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA), and explore its potential treatment methods and existing problems, and provide ideas and methods for future clinical treatments or research. MethodThe domestic and foreign literatures about peripheral nerve injury and its treatment after TOETVA were searched and reviewed. ResultsMental nerve injury was considered to be the main cause of mandibular sensory dysfunction after TOETVA. Due to the lack of unified definitions and assessment standards, the true incidence remained unclear. In order to reduce the risk of mental nerve injury, methods such as exposing the mental nerve and combining vestibular approaches during surgery had certain advantages. In terms of treatment, several methods promoting nerve repair were noteworthy, including B vitamins, nerve growth factors, physical therapy and so on. In addition, some auxiliary treatments of Traditional Chinese Medicine also showed effectiveness in promoting nerve regeneration. ConclusionsIt is essential to avoid damage to the mental nerve and mandibular tissues during surgery. For patients with significant complaints postoperatively, active treatment should be pursued. Establishing objective and quantifiable standards for evaluating mandibular sensory dysfunction and seeking effective clinical plans through a multidisciplinary approach may be the direction for future research.
【Abstract】Objective To explore the operative technique of endoscopic thyroidectomy and prevent its complications. Methods A retrospective analysis was made on the clinical data of 32 patients with benign thyroid diseases who were treated with endoscopic thyroidectomy between May 2002 and March 2005. Results Thirtytwo cases were successfully treated with the mean operation time 130 min(80～180 min). Twelve cases with thyroid adenomas and 20 cases with thyroid tubers were confirmed by histologic examinations. In this group, the postoperative complications included fat liquefaction in 2 cases and transient hoarseness in 1 case who recovered 3 months after operation. No parathyroid injury occurred. The drainage tubes were removed 2~3 days after operation. All of the patients were discharged 2~5 days after operation.Conclusion Endoscopic thyroidectomy is safe and feasible with favorable cosmetic effect.
目的探讨经峡部径路行甲状腺手术的优、缺点。方法回顾性总结分析近8年来我院收治的1 699例患者经峡部径路行甲状腺手术的临床资料。结果该术式术野暴露充分，手术时间平均65 min，术中出血量平均50 ｍl。术后喉返神经损伤8例(均为单侧)，68例术后出现短暂性低钙血症，3例术后出血，其中2例发生于术后2 h，出血量200 ml, 行手术止血； 1例发生于术后1 h，出血量100 ml，给予压迫止血和药物止血后，出血停止，余恢复均好。结论经峡部径路行甲状腺手术，能开阔术野和拓宽手术空间，能立即解除患者颈部紧缩感，保持术野清晰，减少术中出血和喉返神经损伤，减少低钙血症及继发性甲状腺功能低下，避免术后呼吸困难、窒息等并发症的发生。
Objective To understand anatomy of parathyroid gland and explore its application value in protection of parathyroid gland function during thyroidectomy. Methods The literatures, which were associated with the parathyroid anatomy and hypoparathyroidism were collected. The origin, function, anatomical location, number, blood supply, lymphatic system of the parathyroid gland and its relationship with surrounding tissues of parathyroid gland and its clinical significance in the thyroidectomy, were reviewed. Results The position of the superior parathyroid gland was relatively constant, and the inferior parathyroid gland was more likely to be ectopic. The number of the parathyroid gland was uncertain. The mainstream view was that the arterial supply of the parathyroid glands was mainly ensured by the inferior thyroid artery, a few by anastomosis of the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, or by the superior thyroid artery. However, the alternative view was that the blood supply of the parathyroid gland was not mainly derived from the inferior thyroid artery. The parathyroid gland was not easily distinguished from the adipose tissue and lymph node. Whether there was an independent lymphatic system in the parathyroid gland was still controversial. In the thyroidectomy, the parathyroid gland and its blood supply were reserved or protected by distinguishing from the Zuckerkandl tubercle, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and parathyroid specific attachment fat, which were identified by utilizing of the nanocarbon, loupe magnification, etc.. Especially in the central lymph neck dissection, the main thyroid artery trunk and its important branches should be carefully dissected or retained through the gentle capsular dissection and the correct use of energy devices for vessel sealing. The parathyroid gland in situ was reserved according to the parathyroid type. If it was not possible to be preserved, the parathyroid autotransplantation was necessary during the thyroidectomy. Conclusions Understanding origin and location of parathyroid gland, it could provide a direction for searching parathyroid gland during thyroidectomy. Being familiar with blood supply of parathyroid gland makes it possible to protect blood vessel and preserve parathyroid gland. Gentle capsular dissection, rational use of energy device, and indocyanine green angiography seem to be more important. Number of parathyroid gland allows us to treat each parathyroid gland as the last one, if it is not preserved in situ , parathyroid gland need to be autografted to avoid hypoparathyroidism.
Objective To explore the relationship between external branch of superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) injury and the approachs of surgery in open thyroidectomy, and to summarize the preventive methods. Methods The clinical data of 985 patients who had consecutively underwent open thyroidectomy from January 2009 to June 2012 were retrospectively analyzed, to explore the relationship between EBSLN injury and the approachs of surgery in open thyroidectomy. Results The overall incidence of EBSLN injury was 2.6% (26/985), and 959 patients (97.4%) didn’t suffered from EBSLN injury. Results of logistic regression showed that the extent of surgery (OR=4.536, P=0.004) and identification of the EBSLN (OR=0.126, P=0.044) were influence factors of EBSLN injury after open thyroidectomy, but age (OR=1.108, P=0.823), gender (OR=0.604, P=0.260), benign or malignant tumor (OR=1.871, P=0.186), anesthesia methods (OR=0.659, P=0.372), and the application of ultrasonic scalpel (OR=0.473, P=0.248) were not associated with EBSLN injury. Conclusion In open thyroidectomy, the extent of surgery and identification of EBSLN are the independent factors of EBSLN injury, which are important to avoid EBSLN injury.
ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility of dissecting the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve using endoscopic thyroidectomy via gasless unilateral subclavian approach combined with intraoperative nerve monitoring. MethodsThe clinical data of 30 patients who underwent the gasless nilateral subclavian approach endoscopic thyroidectomy in the Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Affiliated with the Zhejiang University School of Medicine from October 2023 to February 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. ResultsAll operations were successfully completed under endoscopy approach without transfer to open surgery. A total of 29 cases of the external branch of superior laryngeal nerves were revealed in 30 cases, the revealed rate was 96.7%. The time for dissecting the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve was 2–6 min [(3.6±2.3) min]. There was no obvious sound change related to the injury of the external branch of superior laryngeal nerve in postoperative patients. ConclusionFor the modified endoscopic thyroidectomy via gasless unilateral subclavian approach combined with intraoperative nerve monitoring, excellent anatomical protection of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve can be obtained.
Objective To summarize the development of endoscopic thyroid surgery and expound the advantages and disadvantages. Method Reviewed the domestic and foreign literatures on different ways of endoscopic thyroid surgery. Results Gagner tried accomplish subtotal parathyroidectomy with endoscope at the first time in 1996. And then, Hüscher improved the endoscope technology and applied on thyroidectomy in 1997. Henceforth, endoscopic thyroid surgery had developed rapidly, from small neck incision surgery, such as endoscopic assisted small neck incision thyroidectomy, to traceless neck surgery, such as thoraco mammary approach, areola approach, axillary approach, retroauricular approach, combined approach, etc., to traceless body surface skin surgery in recent years, such as natural cavity oral approach. Completed endoscopic surgery makes the incision scar hide or even disappear, which had attracted the attention and learning of thyroid specialist clinicians all over the world. The choice of patients was more and more broad and diverse, and all kinds of approaches had different advantages and disadvantages.Conclusions The advantages, disadvantages, indications and contraindications of various endoscopic approaches are different. According to the location differences of individual thyroid masses and the requirements for aesthetics, the most appropriate endoscopic thyroid approach is selected to achieve the optimal solution of manual approach.