Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a systemic inflammatory disease with limited treatment options. Irisin is a novel actin protein produced by skeletal muscle movement and exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant effects by participating in multiple signaling pathways. In recent years, the protective effect of irisin on AKI has attracted much attention, and its regulatory mechanism involves a complex network of signaling pathways, which can reduce oxidative stress, inhibit apoptosis, inhibit inflammation, and inhibit ferroptosis under pathological conditions. This pathway alleviates kidney injury by enhancing the metabolic reprogramming of tubular cells while attenuating fibrosis. Irisin is expected to be a new treatment option for AKI.
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease with a complex pathogenesis and diverse clinical manifestations. Currently, there is no specific treatment plan. Programmed cell death is an active and orderly way of cell death controlled by genes in the body, which maintains the homeostasis of the body and the development of organs and tissues by participating in various molecular signaling pathways. In recent years, programmed cell death has played an important regulatory role in the occurrence and development of IgAN, involving complex signaling pathways. Under pathological conditions, it may relieve kidney damage through various pathways such as reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation, and improving energy metabolism. This article provides a review of the research progress of IgAN in apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis,and cuproptosis in order to provide new therapeutic targets for IgAN.