Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a common ocular surface disease, and the pathogenesis of MGD is closely related to the alteration of meibomian gland morphology and (or) function. At present, the treatment strategy for MGD consists of physical therapy, artificial lubricants, topical and systemic antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents, topical steroids and Ω-3 dietary supplementation. Recently, the thermal pulsation system (LipiFlow) has been used clinically, which allows heat to be applied to the palpebral surfaces of the upper and lower eyelids directly over the meibomian glands, while simultaneously applying pulsatile pressure to the outer eyelid surfaces. Due to its specific design, the cornea and eyeball can successfully avoid the potential damage from overheating and improper expression, which will greatly improve the safety during the clinical application and patients’ compliance. Studies have showed that the effectiveness of LipiFlow when treating MGD is at least as well as twice-daily lid warming and massage for 3 months, which displays a broad application prospect. At present, the application of LipiFlow in China has not been fully developed, and only some hospitals have experimental applications. This paper summarizes the research progress of LipiFlow treatment in MGD.
ObjectiveTo review the present clinical evaluation of treatment for chronic low back pain. MethodsThe literature on the effectiveness evaluation method of chronic low back pain was reviewed and summarized. ResultsMany scoring systems are used to assess the treatment for chronic low back pain through the evaluation of pain and functional disability. The function evaluations are divided into general and disease-specific evaluations. Currently the most widely used evaluation systems are as follows: short-form 36 health survey scale (SF-36), Oswestry disability index (ODI), Roland-Morris disability questionnaire (RDQ), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) low back pain scoring system, Quebec back pain disability scale (QBPDS), and Macnab criteria. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and numerical rating scale (NRS) are usually used to evaluate the pain degree. ConclusionThere are many effectiveness evaluation methods of chronic low back pain, but there is still a lack of more comprehensive, concise, and practical evaluation method. Further studies are required to develop it.
Objective To study the efficacy and safety of combined anti-tuberculosis regimen containing bedaquiline in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Methods A total of 69 MDR-TB patients treated by joint regimen combined bedaquiline with other anti-tuberculosis drugs between March 2018 and August 2019 in Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu were taken as the trial group, and 60 MDR-TB patients received treatment without bedaquiline between June 2016 and December 2017 in the same hospital were taken as the control group. The efficacy and safety of the two groups were compared. Results The 69 patients in the trial group included 44 males and 25 females, aged from 21 to 63 years, with an average of (34.6±11.0) years; 58 patients (84.1%) completed the 24-week treatment with bedaquiline, while 11 patients did not complete the treatment, including 3 deaths (4.3%), 1 loss of follow-up (1.4%), 1 withdrawal from the study (1.4%), and 6 discontinuation due to adverse events (8.7%). Among the 54 patients with positive results of tuberculosis on baseline sputum culture, 49 transformed to negative results within 24 weeks of treatment (the negative conversion rate was 90.7%), and the median negative conversion time was 13.0 weeks. The 60 patients in the control group included 45 males and 15 females, aged from 16 to 66 years, with an average of (35.5±13.2) years. Among the 53 patients with positive results of tuberculosis on baseline sputum culture, 30 transformed to negative results within 24 weeks of treatment (the negative conversion rate was 56.6%), and the median negative conversion time was 12.0 weeks. The negative conversion rate of sputum bacteria in the trial group was significantly higher than that in the control group (χ2=16.133, P<0.001). The most common adverse reactions in the trial group were liver function abnormalities (42 cases, 60.9%), prolonged QTc interval (37 cases, 53.6%), electrolyte disturbances (20 cases, 29.0%), and blood system damage (20 cases, 29.0%). In the 37 patients who experienced prolonged QTc interval, there were 8 patients with QTc intervals≥500 ms and 29 patients with QTc intervals ≥450 ms and <500 ms, with a median occurrence time of 16.0 weeks, among whom 25 patients experienced prolonged QTc interval in 4-48 weeks after the withdrawal of bedaquiline. Conclusion The negative conversion rate of tuberculosis sputum culture of patients with MDR-TB treated by bedaquiline combined with other anti- tuberculosis drugs is high, but electrocardiogram should be closely monitored during and after the treatment in order to guard against the potential cardiac toxic effects of bedaquiline.
Objective To evaluate the results of operative treatment of acetabular fractures and to investigate its influence factors. Methods The cl inical data were analyzed retrospectively from 82 patients with acetabular fractures treated between September 2004 and June 2009. Of 82 patients, 65 were male and 17 were female, aged 26-72 years (mean, 38 years).Fractures were caused by traffic accident in 62 cases, by crush in 13 cases, and by fall ing from height in 7 cases. The time from injury to admission was 30 minutes to 12 days (median, 7.6 hours) in 70 cases, 12 cases were transferred because poor result after 34-67 days of conservative treatment. According to Judet classification, there were 24 cases of posterior wall fracture, 3 cases of posterior column fracture, 1 case of anterior wall fracture, 2 cases of anterior column fracture, 6 cases of transverse fracture, 16 cases of transverse and posterior wall fracture, 4 cases of posterior column and posterior wall fracture, 5 cases of T-type fracture, 3 cases of anterior and posterior hemitransverse fracture, and 18 cases of complete both-column fracture; 24 cases combined with dislocation of the hip. During operation, Kocher-Langenbeck approach was used in 49 cases, anterior il ioinguinal approach in 19 cases, and the combination of anterior and posterior approaches in 14 cases. Reconstructive plate (74 cases) and hollow lag screw (8 cases) internal fixation were used. The function of the hip was evaluated according to the modified Merled’Aubigne- Postel hip score system postoperatively. According to fracture type, age, lower extremity fracture before operation, qual ity of reduction, timing of surgery, hi p dislocation and time of reduction, operative approach, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and heterotopic ossification (HO), the patients were divided into the groups and the results were compared. Results Accordancewith the Matta X-ray evaluation criteria, anatomic reduction was achieved in 21 cases, good reduction in 37 cases, fair reduction in 16 cases, and poor reduction in 8 cases, and the excellent and good rate was 71%. All the cases were followed up 12-52 months mean, 34 months). Iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury occurred in 8 cases, infection in 3 cases, HO in 16 cases, DVT in 3 cases, hip posttraumatic arthritis in 12 cases, and avascular necrosis of the femoral head in 9 cases. X-ray examination showed that 80 cases achieved fracture union at 10-24 weeks after operation (mean, 14 weeks) and 2 cases had fracture delayed union at 10 months and 12 months after operation. According to the modified Merled’Aubigne-Postel hip score system, the function of the hip was rated as excellent in 26 cases, good in 32, fair in 20, and poor in 4 at 6 months after operation; the excellent and good rate was 71%. The affecting factors of cl inical results of acetabular fractures were fracture type, age, lower extremity fracture before operation, qual ity of reduction, timing of surgery, hip dislocation and time of reduction (P lt; 0.05). However the operative approach, DVT, and HO were not affecting factor of the acetabular fractures (P gt; 0.05). Conclusion Operative treatment of acetabular fractures has a satisfying therapeutic effect. Fracture type, age, lower extremity fracture before operation, qual ity of reduction, timing of surgery, hip dislocation, and time of reduction are risk factors affecting postoperative results.
To investigate the effectiveness of T-locking plate in treating medial clavicle fracture so as to find out a therapy with safety and stabil ity. Methods Between October 2006 and January 2009, 13 patients with medial clavicle fracture were treated with open reduction and T-locking plate fixation. There were 9 males and 4 females, aged 18-68 years (mean, 47 years), including 7 cases of traffic accident injury, 4 cases of fall ing injury from height, and 2 cases of heavy object hit injury. The locations were left side in 5 cases and right side in 8 cases. All cases were closed fracture. The disease duration was 1 hour to 14 days. Results All incisions healed by first intention after operation. The X-ray films showed good reduction of fracture and internal fixation. All the 13 patients were followed up 12-18 months (mean, 15 months). The average fracture heal ing duration was 8 weeks (range, 6-12 weeks). No compl ication of infection, nerve or blood vessel injury, hemopneumothorax, or internal fixation loosening or failure occurred. The anatomical medial clavicle structure as well asappearances and functions were restored. According to Rockwood’s score method, the results were excellent in 11 cases and good in 2 cases. Conclusion The internal fixation of T-locking plate in treating medial clavicle fracture has the advantages of good stabil ity and low risk. Besides, the patients can do functional exercises early and the shoulder joint function can be improved in great degree.
Objective To evaluate an improving operative procedure and the cl inical results of arthroscopically assisted treatment for acute patellar dislocation. Methods Between April 2006 and March 2009, 22 patients (25 knees) with primary acute complete dislocation of the patella underwent an improving arthroscopic operation, release of lateral retinaculum and suture of medial capsule and retinaculum structure. There were 5 males and 17 females with an average age of 23.6 years (range, 14-34 years). Three patients had bilateral procedure. Eleven left knees and 14 right knees were involved. The disease duration was 1-10 days with an average of 5.9 days. All patients had lateral dislocation; of them, 14 patients showed reduction without treatment, and 8 patients showed dislocation at admission and were given close manipulative reduction. The results were positive for apprehension test in all patients with the l imitation of passive motion and for Ballottable Patella Sign in 15 cases. Lysholm score, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, and Insall scale were adopted to evaluate the effect. Results All incisions healed by first intention. All the patients were followed up 12-36 months (17 months on average). During the first 3 months after operation, sunken skin in the puncture point medial to the patella was observed in 12 knees; 10 knees suffered pain of the soft tissue lateral to the patella; 15 knees felt tense in the soft tissue medial to the patella, however, all these problems disappeared or recovered gradually after rehabil itation and conservative treatment. No recurrence of dislocation was observed during the follow-up. Lysholm score was significantly improved from preoperative 67.3 ± 5.7 to postoperative 96.6 ± 4.5 (t=3.241, P=0.003) and VAS score from 6.5 ± 0.5 to 1.8 ± 0.4 (t=2.154, P=0.040). According to Insall scale, the results were excellent in 18 knees, good in 5 knees, and fair in 2 knees at 1 year after operation with an excellent and good rate of 92%. Conclusion The improving procedure of arthroscopically assisted treatment for acute patellar dislocation is a minimally invasive operation and has a number of benefits. Its short-term cl inical outcome was satisfactory.
ObjectiveTo discuss the effectiveness of operative treatments for different kinds of old injury of extensor tendon in zone II so as to choose the best surgical approach based on the classification of injury. MethodsBetween May 2006 and May 2014, 68 cases of old injury of extensor tendon in zone II were treated. Among them, there were 50 males and 18 females with an average age of 36 years (range, 18-52 years). The causes included contusion injury in 50 cases, avulsion injury in 11 cases, and burn injury in 7 cases. The left side was involved in 21 cases and the right side in 47 cases. The injured finger involved the index finger in 18 cases, the middle finger in 21 cases, the ring finger in 24 cases, and the little finger in 5 cases. The disease duration was 1.5 months to 1 year (mean, 6.75 months). The central slip of extensor was repaired directly in 32 patients who had normal passive motion. Side cross stitch (8 cases) or Littler-Eaton (10 cases) method was used in 18 patients who can not extend actively and passively. Tendon graft was performed in 11 patients with tendon defect. Joint release was given in 7 patients with contracture after burn injury. ResultsPrimary healing of incision was obtained in all cases. Sixty-eight cases were followed up 3-12 months (mean, 6.9 months). Three cases had tendon adhesion in varying degrees and suffered from pain, which was treated conservatively by functional exercise. Recurrence was observed in 2 cases, and extensor tendon was repaired again. According to total active motion (TAM) function assessment, the results were excellent in 52 cases, good in 11 cases, fair in 3 cases, and poor in 2 cases with an excellent and good rate of 92.6%. ConclusionAdaptive operation method for old injury of extensor tendon in zone II should be selected based on the type of injury. The results will be satisfactory if correct method is chosen.
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of intraluminal brachytherapy (ILBT) in prolonging survival and the period free of symptoms for patients with unresectable bile duct cancer. Methods We searched MEDLINE (1977 to May 2007), CNKI (1979 to May 2007) and CBM Disk (1979 to May 2007). The qual ity of included studies was assessed according to the guidance in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Results One randomized controlled trial involving 42 patients with unresectable bile duct cancer fulfilled the inclusion criteria. This found that the median survival time was longer for patients treated with endoprostheses and ILBT compared to those treated with endoprostheses alone (387.9 days versus 298.0 days, Plt;0.05). The stent patency time in patients who were treated with endoprostheses and ILBT was longer than for those treated with endoprostheses alone (378.4 days versus 245.5 days, Plt;0.01). The reductions in bil irubin (mol/l) and alkal ine phosphatase (kat/l) before and after drainage in patients who were treated with endoprostheses and ILBT were similar to those treated with endoprostheses alone (Mean ±SD of bil irubin: before: 219.3 ± 40.5, after: 23.1 ± 37.1 versus before: 227.3 ± 39.8, after: 22.5 ± 44.2; Mean ± SD of alkal ine phosphatase: before: 10.3 ± 5.1. after: 3.6 ± 2.9 versus before: 11.7 ± 5.8, after: 3.7 ± 2.9). No severe adverse effects were observed in the trial. Conclusion Current evidence suggests that ILBT for unresectable bile duct cancer may improve the survival time of patients, prolong the time they spend symptom free, improve their quality of l ife and reduce the burden of treatment. However, it may increase toxicity in normal tissues, which can be managed by adjusting radiation dosage. No serious adverse effects were observed in the 42 patients in the trial in this review. More randomized controlled trials with large sample size are needed to provide rel iable results.
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of mifepristone concomitant with misoprostol for medical abortion. Methods We searched the related original studies worldwide, and controlled prospective studies and systematic reviews based on randomized controlled trials （RCTs）. Nine electronic databases were searched. Ten journals and reference lists of eligible studies were handsearched. Two reviewers independently screened the studies for eligibility, evaluated the quality, and extracted the data from eligible studies, with confirmation by cross checking. Any disputes were decided by a third person. Meta-analysis was conducted using statistical software RevMan 4.2. After heterogeneity test was done （α=0.05 ） , data without heterogeneity were pooled using a fixed effect model, and those with heterogeneity could be solved by sensitivity＂ analysis, subgroup analysis or random effect model. Results We found eight original trials （n = 3 348 ） that compared medical abortion with surgical abortion, nine trials （n =6 116） that investigating the effect of gestational ages on medical abortion, five trials （n = 1 934） on the use of mifepristone and two trials （n =2381 ） on intervals of administration of mifepristone and misoprostol were located. Quality of foreign studies was better than that of Chinese studies. Therate of complete abortion was higher in surgical abortion group than that in medical abortion group with odds ratio （OR） 0. 18 and 95% confidence interval （CI） 0. 11 to 0.27. The rate of incomplete abortion and abortion failure was higher in medical abortion group with OR 3.32, and 95% CI 1.79 to 6.17, OR 7.36, 95% CI 4. 17 to 12.98, respectively. The rate of complete abortion in the group with gestational age over 49 days was lower than that with gestational age under 49 days with OR 0.51 and 95% CI 0.43 to 0.61. The rate of incomplete abortion and abortion failure was higher in the group with gestational age over 49 days with OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.32 to 2.09 and OR 3.37, 95% CI 2.30 to 4. 94.There were no significant differences observed in the rates of complete abortion, incomplete abortion, abortion failed, time of expelling pregnant sac and time of menses recovery between the single and multi-dosage of mifepristone. Except for the rate of complete abortion, which was higher in 〈48h group, there was a comparable effectiveness for different intervals of mifepristone and ntisoprostol. Conclusions This review showes that it is important to improve the quality of Chinese original studies. Although the effectiveness is better in the surgical abortion group, the rate of complete abortion of medical abortion achieved is 91.6% （1 648/1 800）. This is acceptable for clinicians and women who do not want to be pregnance. The rate of complete abortion is lower in the gestation over 49 days, which had a statistically difference, but little clinical significance. It is necessary to consider increasing the gestational age of medical abortion, especially for those women who have contradictions of surgical abortion or are afraid of operation. Effectiveness of single dosage of mifeprostone is similar to that ofmulti-dosage, but single dosage might be more convenient. This review suggests that shortening the interval ofmifepristone and misoprostol administration should be considered and the best and shortest interval time need to be identified with better evidence.
Objective To evaluate the operative procedure and the cl inical effectiveness of open reduction and internal fixation in the treatment of posterior malleolus fractures. Methods Between June 2005 and December 2008, 46 patients with posterior malleolus fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation and followed up. There were 29 males and 17 females with an average age of 47.7 years (range, 19-76 years). Fractures were caused by sprain in 17 cases, by fallingin 15 cases, by traffic accident in 12 cases, and by other reasons in 2 cases. The locations were left ankle in 25 cases and right ankle in 21 cases. There were 6 simple posterior malleolus fractures, 13 lateral and posterior malleolus fractures, and 22 trimalleolar fractures, and 5 lateral and posterior malleolus fractures accompanying by injury of deltoid l igament of ankle. According to Lauge- Hansen classification system, 13 cases and 9 cases were rated as supination-external rotation type III and type IV respectively, and 18 cases as pronation-external rotation type IV. According to Naoki’s classification of posterior malleolus fractures, there were 29 cases of posterolateral-obl ique type, 11 cases of medial-extension type, and 6 cases of small-shell type. Seven patients underwent emergency operation and 39 patients underwent selective operation. Results Two patients developed superficial infection, which was cured after dressing change, and the other incisions healed by first intention. Forty-six patients were followed up 37 months on average (range, 18-63 months). All fractures healed after 3 to 6 months (mean, 4.3 months). One patient developed lateral suralcutaneous nerve injury, and 9 patients had mild weight-bearing pain or discomfort. The results of American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle and hindfoot score were excellent in 17 cases, good in 21 cases, and fair in 8 cases with an excellent and good rate of 83%. The mean visual analogue scale (VAS) score was 1.9 (range, 0-5). Conclusion The anatomic reduction and internal fixation can achieve the satisfactory results in the treatment of posterior malleolus fractures. The best treatment and fixation methods should be chosen based on different types of posterior malleolus fractures.