We determined estrogen receptor (ER), estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) in the tissue of 50 gastric carcinomas ans 20 benign stomach diseases. The result showed that the positive rate of ER was 32.0% in gastric cancerous tissue, in which the poorly-differentiated type was higher than that of the well-differentiated type (Plt;0.05)，and still higher in BorrmannⅢ、Ⅳ types than in Borrmann Ⅰ、Ⅱ types (Plt;0.01). The determination of Er is significant for the estimation of prognosis ans endocrinal therapy after operation. E2 content showed no obvious difference betweenn gastric carcinoma, benign somach diseases ans normal gastric mucose, but T level and T/E2 ratio in gastric cancer were much higher than those in benign stomach diseases and normal gastric mucosa (Plt;0.05). IT suggested that the imbalance of E2 and T contents may related the occurence of gatric carcinoma. The E2 and T level showed no obvious difference between ER+ and ER- in gastric cancerous tissue.
Objective In vivo, the microenvironment of epidermal stem cells (ESCs) is complex, and estrogen might be involved in the micro environment. To investigate the biological effects of estrogen on the prol iferation and migration of ESCs in vitro. Methods hESCs were isolated from normal human foreskin and cultured. The second generation of hESCs were identified with flow cytometry after being marked with integrin β1, cytokeratin 19 (CK19), CK14, and CK10 antigens.hESCs of 2 × 106 cell density were cultured with ESCs special medium supplemented with 0.1 nmol/L Diethylstilbestrol in group A (estrogen group), with ESCs special medium supplemented with 10 nmol/L Raloxifene hydrochloride in group B (ER blocking agent group), and with ESCs special medium in group C (control group), respectively. The 100 μm “scratch” wounds were created by scraping confluent hESCs plated on Petri dishes with a sterile pipette tip in vitro. The migrating cells from the wound edge were quantified at 24, 48, and 72 hours after incubation. The rates of wound heal ing were calculated by SigmaScan Pro 5.0 software at 72 hours. The prol iferating effect of estrogen on hESCs was determined with MTT method at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. Results Cultured primary hESCs could adhere to the wall showing ovoid in shape and grew into colonies. Flow cytometry showed the positive results for integrin β1, CK19, and CK14 (with positive rate of 96.63%, 95.47%, and 94.27%, respectively) and the negative result for CK10 (with positive rate of 1.32%). In group A, the number of cells crossing the wound edge was more than those of group B and group C at 24, 48, and 72 hours. The rates of wound heal ing were 69.00% ± 0.05% in group A, 35.00% ± 0.05% in group B, and 48.00% ± 0.06% in group C at 72 hours, showing significant differences among groups (P lt; 0.05). The prol iferating speed of hESCs was significantly higher in group A than in groups B and C (P lt; 0.01), and significantly higher in group C than in group B (P lt; 0.01) at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. Conclusion The estrogen can promote the prol iferation and migration of hESCs in vitro. It may be involved in many biological activity of skin.
Objective To observe the correlation between postmenopausal estrogen levels and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in women. Methods Thirty-nine menopause female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 17 menopause subjects (control group) were enrolled in this study. Control subjects aged from 53 to 82 years, with the mean age of (69.80±8.32) years. Diabetes mellitus patients aged from 56 to 84 years, with the mean age of (70.50±8.27) years; diabetes duration ranged from 3 to 23 years, with the average course of diabetes (11.40±7.97) years. DR diagnosis was according to the results of fundus fluorescein angiography, and thus the 39 patients were divided into DR group (19 patients) and non-DR (NDR) group (20 patients). There was no significant difference in age and menopause duration between the three groups (t=0.347, 0.485;P＞0.05). There was significant difference in diabetes course (t=2.748,P＜0.05). Compared with NDR group, fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly increased (t=6.130, 5.322, 4.574, 2.426, 4.033), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lower (t=3.917), the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). The level of estradiol (E2) was measured by radioimmunoassay. The differences of E2 levels between the three groups were compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of DR. Results The levels of E2 in control group, DR group and NDR group were (42.38±8.64), (21.49±9.81) and (32.72±10.51) pg/ml, respectively. The level of E2 in DR group was significantly lower than that in NDR group and control group (t=3.443, 10.110;P＜0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the duration of diabetes mellitus [coefficients =0.166, odds ratio (OR)=1.181,P= 0.016], FBG (coefficients=1.162,OR=4.014,P=0.001), TC (coefficients=3.212,OR=10.820,P=0.002), TG (coefficients=1.649,OR=5.203,P= 0.030) and LDL-C (coefficients=1.605,OR= 4.976,P=0.003) were the risk factors for DR; E2 (coefficients=−0.100,OR=0.904,P=0.004) and HDL-C (coefficients=−4.460,OR=0.012,P=0.002) were the protective factors for DR. Conclusion The estrogen level of postmenopausal women have a certain correlation with the development of DR, it may be one of the protective factor of DR.
Serum concentration of follicularstimulating hormone(FSH),lutenizing hormone(LH),prolactin（PRL），estradio(E2),erstriol(E3) and progesterong(P) of 56 women with gallstones and 53 other female patients were measured by radioimmunoassqy.It was found that the levels of serum estrogen were not only in reproductive aged or postmenopausal women, but also in women with or without gallstones. So it is not certain of the relation between estrogen and gallstone from this study.
Objective To study the relations between the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and tumor infiltration and metastasis in thyroid carcinoma. Methods By using immunohistochemical staining (SABC method), the expressions of ER and PR in 100 cases of thyroid carcinomas and 28 cases of benign thyroid lesions were studied. Results The positive rate of ER and PR expressions were 67.0% and 62.0% respectively in thyroid carcinomas, they had correlation with cell differentiation and type of histology but positive expressions did not relate to age and sex. The positive rate of ER and PR in the non-metastasized group was 75.4% and 70.5%, significantly higher than that of the metastasized group in which were 53.8% and 48.7% (Ｐ＜0.05). Conclusion The results suggest that the expressions of ER and PR are related to tumor differentiation and may indicate a poor prognosis.
ObjectiveTo explore the correlation of clinicopathologic factors with the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in patients with primary breast cancer. MethodsThe data of 105 patients with primary breast cancer were collected from September 2011 to September 2012. The expression of ER, PR and C-erbB-2 in breast cancer tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between the expression of ER, PR and C-erbB-2 and the clinicopathologic factors was evaluated. ResultsThe positive rates of expression of ER, PR and C-erbB-2 in breast cancer tissues reached 58.1%, 49.5% and 59.0%, respectively. The expression of ER had a positive correlation with the expression of PR. The concordance expression of ER and PR had a negative correlation with the expression of C-erbB-2. The positive rate of expression of ER had a correlation with the lymph node metastasis and histological grading, while it was not correlated with patients' age, the age of menarche, tumor size, tumor position, clinical stages, pathological type, or pathologic morphology of tissue adjacent to cancer (P>0.05). The positive rate of expression of PR and the different positive strength rate of expression of ER were not correlated with clinical and pathological factors (P>0.05). The positive rate of expression of C-erbB-2 in the group with lymph node metastasis was higher than that in non-lymph node metastasis group (P<0.05). ConclusionThe expression of ER and PR plays an important role in the occurrence and development of the breast cancer. Joint detection of ER and PR is very important for the evaluation of endocrine therapy effect and prognosis.
Objective： To observe the effect of estrogen on the expr ession of pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) in cultured retinal Muuml;ller cells under the anoxic condition． Methods：After the anoxic retinal Muuml;ll er cells were tre ated with estrogen (E2) with the concentration of 10-6、10-5 and 10-7 mmol/L, t he level of expression of PEDF mRNA and the protein was detected by reverse tran scriptionpolymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis. Results：Th e expression of PEDF mRNA and protein decreased 24 hours after anoxia. E2 with t he concentration of 10-5 and 10-6 mmol/L inhibited the decrease of expression of PEDF mRNA and protein induced by anoxia, which related to the concentration of E2． Conclusion：strogen can regulate the expression of PEDF, which ma y play an important role in the regulation of retinal neovascularization．
Objective To explore the clinical significance of estrogen receptor α( ERα) , estrogen receptor β( ERβ) in non-small cell lung cancer( NSCLC) .Methods EnVision method was used to detect the expressions of ERα, ERβ, vascular endothelial growth factor( VEGF) , and microvessel density( MVD) in 54 NSCLC patients, 10 patients with lung benign lesions, and 10 normal controls. The interrelation between ERα, ERβ, VEGF, and MVD was analyzed. Results No obvious expressions of ERα and ERβwere observed in the normal lung tissues and lung benign lesions. The positive expression rates of ERα, ERβ, and VEGF in NSCLC were 20. 4% ( 11/54) , 64. 8% ( 35/54) , and 64. 8% ( 35/54) , respectively. There were no significant differences between ERαin regard to clinical parameters of NSCLC. But the expression of ERβwas dependent on pathological classification and differentiation of NSCLC. The expression of ERβ was significantly higher in adenocarcinoma than in squamous cell carcinoma( P lt; 0. 05) . The expression rate of ERβin well differentiated group was significantly higher than that in low, moderately differentiated group( P lt;0. 05) . There were significant differences between VEGF in regard to lymph node metastasis and TNM stage. The expression of ERαinterrelated with VEGF and MVD with r value of 0. 4 and 0. 685 respectively ( P lt;0. 05) . There was little correlation between ERβ and VEGF, MVD( P gt; 0. 05) . Conclusion Theexpression of ERβ correlates with pathological classification and differentiation of NSCLC, suggesting its significance in evaluating the pathological classification and malignant degree of NSCLC. The expression of ERαcorrelates with VEGF and MVD, suggesting that ERαpossibly promote micro-angiogenesis of NSCLC by VEGF pathway.
ObjectiveTo analyze the phasic changes of bone mass, bone turnover markers, and estrogen levels at different time points after glucocorticoid (GC) intervention in rat and their correlation. MethodsThirty-four female 3-month-old Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following 3 groups:baseline group (n=6), dexamethasone (DXM) group (n=14), and control group (n=14). Rats were injected with DXM at the dose of 0.75 mg/kg, twice a week for 12 weeks in DXM group, with salt solution lavage in control group, and no treatment was given in baseline group. The body mass, adrenal weight, and uterus weight were measured. Bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone area (BA) of lumbar vertebral and femurs were detected by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Meanwhile, the serum levels of N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX), and estrogen levels were determined by ELISA before experiment in baseline group and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after experiment in control and DXM groups. At last, the correlation was analyzed among body weight, BMD, PINP, β-CTX, estrogen levels, and GC intervention duration of DXM group. ResultsThe body mass, adrenal weight, and uterus weight in DXM group were significantly lower than those in baseline group and control group at all the time points (P<0.05). The levels of PINP and β-CTX elevated slowly in DXM group, significant difference was found at 12 weeks (P<0.05), but no significant difference at the 4 and 8 weeks (P>0.05) when compared with those in baseline group and control group. The estrogen level in DXM group was significantly lower than that in baseline group and control group at all the time points (P<0.05). BMD, BMC, and BA of lumbar vertebral and femurs in DXM group were significantly lower than those in control group at all the time points after GC intervention (P<0.05). Loss of bone mass of L2 and femoral trochanteric region in DXM group was the lowest of all ranges of interest (ROIs). BMC and BA of lumbar vertebrae and BA of femoral shaft in DXM group at 4 weeks were significantly lower than those in baseline group (P<0.05). But there was no significant difference in BMD, BMC, and BA of other lumbar vertebrae and femurs' ROIs between DXM group and baseline group at all the time points (P>0.05). After GC intervention, BMD of lumbar vertebrae and femurs had negative correlation with PINP and β-CTX (P<0.05) and positive correlation with estrogen level (P<0.05). ConclusionThe bone mass decreases rapidly at the early stage after GC intervention and then maintains a low level with time, the levels of bone turnover markers show a progressive increase, and the estrogen levels show a decrease trend. In addition, body weight, the levels of bone turnover markers and estrogen are associated with the change of bone mass.
Objective To review the mechanisms of cholesterol gallstones caused by female hormone so as to explore new treatments to prevent gallstones associated with estrogen and progesterone. Methods The literatures on gallstones related with female hormone were reviewed and the mechanisms of cholesterol gallstones were summarized. Results The cholesterol gallstones mechanisms was affected by estrogen through genomic effects，and the nucleation of cholesterol was promoted by estrogen through nongenomic，which resulted in the formation of cholesterol gallstones. And the bile empty dysfunction associated with estrogen through nongenomic effects was also the reason of cholesterol gallstone formation. The G proteins α subunit responsible for the motility of gallbladder were disrupted by progesterone through genomic effects，and the ionic channels and signal transduction were also interfered through nongenomic pathway，which impaired the contraction of gallbladder. However，the nongenomic effects might not play an important role in the gallstones formation caused by progesterone. Conclusions The mechanisms of cholesterol gallstones formation associated with female hormone are complicated，the understanding of chelesterol gallstones formation mechanisms might be helpful to prevent gallstones associated with estrogen and progesterone.