ObjectiveTo systematically review the effect of clamping catheter and free drainage for patients with neurogenic bladder with indwelling catheter. MethodsThe PubMed, EMbase, CINAHL, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI, VIP and WanFang Data databases were electronically searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the objects from inception to January 8, 2022. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. Meta-analysis was then performed by using RevMan 5.3 software. ResultsA total of 7 RCTs involving 586 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that clamping catheter significantly reduced time of first void (SMD=−1.03, 95%CI −1.71 to −0.36, P=0.03) and increased volume of first void (MD=52.72, 95%CI 28.84 to 76.59, P<0.01). However, there was no significant difference in residual urine volume, incidence of urinary retention or urinary tract infection between the two groups. ConclusionCurrent evidence shows that the advantage of clamping catheter for patients with neurogenic bladder with indwelling catheter is not obvious. Due to the limited quality and quantity of the included studies, more high quality studies are needed to verify the above conclusion.
Objective To develop a characterization observation scale for rats with spleen Qi deficiency based on the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnostic principle of “governing exterior to infer interior”, to serve as a methodological tool for dynamic and holistic syndrome-level assessment. Methods An initial item pool was constructed through systematic literature review up to January 1, 2025. Two rounds of Delphi expert consultation (14 experts) were conducted for preliminary item screening. Using a 5-fluorouracil-induced spleen Qi deficiency rat model, macroscopic characterization data were collected from 48 Wistar rats. Five statistical methods were comprehensively applied for empirical item screening and validation: discrete trend analysis, discrimination analysis, correlation analysis, Cronbach’s α coefficient, and stepwise discriminant analysis. Results The expert consultation showed good consensus (Kendall’s W=0.519, P<0.001) and high authority (authority coefficient=0.81). Based on observational data from the animal experiment involving 47 rats (1 rat died of gastric hemorrhage during intragastric administration on day 5 of the experiment), after multiple statistical screenings, a final 16-item scale was established, covering dietary intake, weight change, mental state, stool consistency, coat condition, and other aspects. The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.993) and discriminant validity (correct classification rate=100%). Conclusions The scale developed in this study not only provides clear clinical observation targets and good operability, but also operationalizes the TCM principle of “governing exterior to infer interior” in a measurable form. It offers a practical tool for syndrome evaluation in spleen Qi deficiency animal models, integrating TCM theoretical insights with modern measurement science. This work contributes to promoting the standardization and systematization of TCM syndrome assessment.