Liposomes with precisely controlled composition are usually used as membrane model systems to investigate the fundamental interactions of membrane components under well-defined conditions. Hydration method is the most common method for liposome formation which is found to be influenced by composition of the medium. In this paper, the effects of small alcohol (ethanol) on the hydration of lipid molecules and the formation of liposomes were investigated, as well as its coexistence with sodium chloride. It was found that ethanol showed the opposite effect to that of sodium chloride on the hydration of lipid molecules and the formation of liposomes. The presence of ethanol promoted the formation of liposomes within a certain range of ethanol content, but that of sodium chloride suppressed the liposome formation. By investigating the fluorescence intensity and continuity of the swelled membranes as a function of contents of ethanol and sodium chloride, it was found that sodium chloride and ethanol showed the additive effect on the hydration of lipid molecules when they coexisted in the medium. The results may provide some reference for the efficient preparation of liposomes.
ObjectiveTo systematically review the current prevalence, key determinants, and prevention strategies of child and adolescent obesity in China. MethodA systematic review of the epidemiological trends, health impacts, risk factors, and intervention strategies for child and adolescent obesity was performed by analyzing recent domestic and international literature and policy documents, supplemented with national surveillance data and developments in clinical practice. ResultsThe prevalence of child and adolescent obesity in China has been rising continuously over the past four decades, with particularly high rates observed among primary school children and boys. Recent trends show a “provincial reversal” and an “urban-rural reversal”. This high-risk environment stems from complex interactions among family, school, and societal factors. China has developed a relatively comprehensive policy framework for obesity prevention and control and is promoting a three-tiered prevention strategy. Clinically, pharmacological and surgical interventions are being gradually adopted. However, challenges remain, including limited health insurance coverage for obesity management. ConclusionsChild and adolescent obesity has become a significant public health issue in China, threatening national health and social development. Future efforts should focus on enhancing intersectoral governance, improving early intervention capabilities, expanding health insurance support, and standardizing clinical practices. A multi-level, multi-pathway integrated prevention and control system is essential for effectively curbing child and adolescent obesity under the healthy China strategy.