Diagnosis is the critical component of health care and the studies of diagnostic test can provide important evidence for clinical decisions. Studies of diagnostic test are subject to different sources of bias in design, performance and reporting of studies. Therefore, researchers who understand various sources of bias can reasonably perform the diagnostic test and evaluate its quality, and will provide scientific evidences for clinical practice.
Objective Based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database, to analyze the dynamic trends and regional differences in the burden of disease of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among women of childbearing age globally from 1990 to 2021, and to provide an evidence-based basis for optimizing the allocation of reproductive health resources. Methods Data on the prevalence, incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of PMS in 204 countries and regions in the GBD 2021 database were extracted and combined with sociodemographic indices (SDI) to assess the temporal trends and spatial distribution characteristics of the burden of disease using the annual average percentage change (AAPC). Results The global prevalence, incidence and DALYs of PMS in women of reproductive age in 2021 were 45 666.32/100 000, 11 935.05/100 000 and 381.11/100 000, respectively. From 1990 to 2021, the prevalence (AAPC=0.05%) and DALYs (AAPC=0.05%) showed a slight upward trend and a slight decrease in prevalence (AAPC=−0.06%). Prevalence and DALYs increased at a higher rate in low SDI regions (AAPC=0.13% to 0.26%), and the fastest rate of increase was seen in high-income North America in high-SDI regions (AAPC=0.50% to 0.52%). Conclusion The PMS disease burden is unevenly distributed globally and is influenced by a variety of factors, including the level of social development. In the future, it is necessary to combine multidisciplinary intervention strategies and incorporate prospective data to improve prediction models to support the development of global female reproductive health policies.
ObjectiveTo systematically review the unfavorable treatment outcome of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in China. MethodsCNKI, WanFang Data, CBM, PubMed, EMbase, and Web of Science databases were electronically searched to collect studies that reported unfavorable treatment outcomes of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in China from inception to April 2021. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Meta-analysis was then performed by using Stata 12.0 software. ResultsA total of 11 studies involving 4 465 patients were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that the overall rate of treatment success was 62% (95%CI 55% to 70%), the rate of treatment failure was 19% (95%CI 12% to 26%), the rate of default was 7% (95%CI 4% to 10%), the rate of mortality was 6% (95%CI 4% to 8%) and the rate of unfavorable treatment outcome was 25% (95%CI 19% to 32%). ConclusionsCurrent evidence shows that the treatment failure rate of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in China is slightly high. Due to limited quality and quantity of the included studies, more high-quality studies are required to verify the above conclusions.