Acute ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke. Hemorrhagic transformation is one of its serious complications, which may lead to severe neurological deterioration and poor prognosis. The occurrence of hemorrhagic transformation is mainly related to the inflammatory mechanism after infarction, blood-brain barrier injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury and abnormal coagulation function. Identification of early predictors of hemorrhagic transformation can help reduce its incidence and severity. However, the mechanism of hemorrhagic transformation is complex, and there is currently no unified standard for its prediction. This article aims to review the related mechanisms and early predictors of hemorrhagic transformation after stroke, in order to provide a reference for early identification and prevention.
Hemorrhagic transformation is one of the most serious complications after endovascular treatment in patients with acute ischemic stroke, which is closely related to neurological deterioration and poor functional prognosis. Therefore, early detection and treatment of hemorrhagic transformation are of great significance for improving patient prognosis. Brain CT, CT angiography, CT perfusion imaging, MRI, diffusion weighted imaging, and susceptibility weighted imaging are relatively commonly used imaging methods in clinical practice. Reasonable use of imaging methods can reduce the risk of hemorrhagic transformation and improve patient prognosis. This article reviews common imaging evaluation techniques for hemorrhagic transformation in clinical practice in order to provide ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Vestibular dysfunction is a clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms such as dizziness or vertigo, abnormal control of eye movements, balance disorders, and autonomic nervous system symptoms. Immune-related vestibular dysfunction is caused by vestibular abnormalities triggered by autoimmune reactions or dysfunctions in the immune system. Some autoimmune diseases can present with vestibular dysfunction as the initial symptom or a typical manifestation. There is still a lack of understanding regarding the immune pathogenic factors of vestibular abnormalities both domestically and internationally. This paper provides a detailed summary of the types, onset, pathological mechanisms, symptoms, signs, and auxiliary examinations of immune-related vestibular dysfunction, aiming to offer new insights for the identification of such diseases.