ObjectiveTo understand the significance of common gene variations in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). MethodThe literature relevant research on PTC gene variations both domestically and internationally was reviewed. ResultsThe most common genetic variations in the PTC in clinical studies included mutations or rearrangements in BRAF, TERT promoter, RAS, RET, and other genes, which had certain diagnostic value for PTC, but the drugs available for their treatment was relatively limited; Moreover, it had been found that multiple genes co-mutations were also common in the PTC, and the prognosis was often worse. ConclusionsBy sorting out the genetic variations in PTC, new ideas and methods are provided for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of PTC. By detecting the types of genetic variations, the occurrence, development, and prognosis of PTC can be predicted, and personalized treatment plans can be developed for patients with PTC.
ObjectiveTo systematically elucidate the resistance mechanism of targeted drug therapy for breast cancer and to discuss the future direction of optimized treatment strategies. MethodA literature review on targeted therapy for breast cancer had been conducted based on recent domestic and international researches. ResultsContemporary breast cancer targeted therapies maincomprised human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-directed agents, CDK4/6 inhibitors, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) / mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway blockers, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, and immune checkpoint modulators, etc. While these agents conferred subtype-specific survival benefits, resistance developed through target mutations, compensatory signaling, epigenetic alterations, drug efflux pumps, etc. Emerging reversal drug resistance strategies involved dual-targeted approaches (such as trastuzumab in combination with pertuzumab), dynamic monitoring of drug-resistant gene mutations by liquid biopsy, epigenetic modulators, etc. ConclusionsDrug resistance remains a key bottleneck limiting long-term efficacy of breast cancer targeted therapy. Future research should integrate multi-omics approaches to decipher tumor heterogeneity, implement combinatorial multi-target inhibition with real-time monitoring of multidimensional interventions, and leverage artificial intelligence to predict resistance evolution. This integrated strategy will enable personalized combination therapies, ultimately overcoming drug resistance and improving patient survival outcomes.