Recently, many researchers paid more attentions to the association between air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Haze, a severe form of outdoor air pollution, affected most parts of northern and eastern China in the past winter. In China, studies have been performed to evaluate the impact of outdoor air pollution and biomass smoke exposure on COPD; and most studies have focused on the role of air pollution in acutely triggering symptoms and exacerbations. Few studies have examined the role of air pollution in inducing pathophysiological changes that characterise COPD. Evidence showed that outdoor air pollution affects lung function in both children and adults and triggers exacerbations of COPD symptoms. Hence outdoor air pollution may be considered a risk factor for COPD mortality. However, evidence to date has been suggestive (not conclusive) that chronic exposure to outdoor air pollution increases the prevalence and incidence of COPD. Cross-sectional studies showed biomass smoke exposure is a risk factor for COPD. A long-term retrospective study and a long-term prospective cohort study showed that biomass smoke exposure reductions were associated with a reduced decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and with a decreased risk of COPD. To fully understand the effect of air pollution on COPD, we recommend future studies with longer follow-up periods, more standardized definitions of COPD and more refined and source-specific exposure assessments.
PURPOSE:To measure the epidermal growth factor (EGF)contents in vitreous and serum samples in normal subjects and patients with proliferative retinal diseases. METHODS: Using radioreceptor assay(RRA)to measure the EGF contents in vitreous and serum in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) 16 cases, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) 20 cases, central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO)16 cases,other retinal vascular diseases 5 cases,and controls 10 cases. RESULTS:The EGF levels in vitreous of the patient group were apparently higher than those of the controls (Plt;0. 001). Among patient group,the EGF contents in vitrectomy fluid was lower than that of original vitreous, reflecting about 60~ 63~ EGF level in original vitreous, Both showed positive correlation. To compare the EGF contents in serum of patients and controls,the EGF contents in serum of PDR group increased significantly. In CRVO group the EGF contents also increased,while in PVR group,the EGF contents were lower than those of the controls. CONCLUSIONS: The increased EGF contents in vitreous of patient group may play a role in the pathogenesis of proliferative retinal diseases. The RRA is a sensitive method for quantitative measurement of growth factor. （Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1996,12: 91- 93）
The diameters of the optic nerves in 54 patients with high intracranial pressure(ICP)were checked and measured with B type ultrasonic tomography and the relationship between thewidth of optic nerve and the optic papiliedema was studied. The results showed that the average diameter (6. 324-0.53)mm of the optic nerves in patients with high ICP was wider than that(3.61 ~:0.29 )mm in health subjects (P(0.01). The rate of increasing width of optic nerve (87.00%)was higher than that (67.00~)of papilledema (P(0.05). In addition,in 19 patients with ICP between 1.97 and 2.50 kPa, the rate of increasing width of optic nerve (79. 00~)was higher than that (42.00%)of papilledema (P (0. 05). These results indicated that measuring the diameter of optic nerve might be more practical than observing tile presence of papilledema in diagnosing high ICP,especially in early stage. （Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1996,12: 86-87）
Objective To investigate the effect of chronic altitude hypoxia exposure on serum lipoprotein levels in healthy subjects and patients with pulmonary hypertension, and whether there is a difference in serum lipoprotein levels between patients with pulmonary hypertension at middle and high altitude. Methods The case data of 245 Han patients with COPD complicated with pulmonary hypertension admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University from January 2018 to September 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the altitude of their long-term residence before onset, the patients were divided into two groups, 119 cases in the middle altitude group (1500 m~2500 m). 126 cases were in the high altitude group of 2500 m~4500 m. In addition, the physical examination data of 50 healthy people in the intermediate and high altitude groups were collected as the control group (the age and gender of the healthy people in the same altitude group were similar to those in the COPD-PH group), a total of 4 groups were collected. The general data, pulmonary artery systolic blood pressure (PASP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of the four groups were compared, and the correlation between pulmonary artery systolic blood pressure (PASP) and related variables was analyzed. ResultsThere were no significant differences in age, gender, smoking and drinking between the healthy control group and COPD-PH group (all P>0.05). There were significant differences in body mass index, PASP, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG/HDL-C, HDL-C/LDL-C between the healthy control group and the COPD-PH group (all P<0.05). In the healthy control group, only BMI was significantly different between the high altitude group and the middle altitude group (P<0.05). In the COPD-PH group, PASP, BMI, TC, HDL-C and TG/HDL-C in the high altitude group were significantly different from those in the moderate altitude group (all P<0.05). There were no significant differences in age, gender, smoking, drinking, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C/LDL-C between the two groups (all P>0.05), when gender, age, altitude, body mass index, PASP, smoking and drinking were included in the multi-factor linear regression equation of lipoprotein (TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C), it was found that different elevations (middle and higher elevations) only had statistically different effects on HDL-C (b=-0.046, t=-2.209, P=0.028). Correlation analysis showed that PASP was not correlated with age, altitude, body mass index and blood lipids (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C) in the healthy control group (all P>0.05). However, in the COPD-PH group, PASP was negatively correlated with blood lipid indicators (TC, HDL-C and LDL-C). PASP was positively correlated with altitude (a risk factor for hypoxia). ConclusionsHypoxia environment factors characterized by altitude are closely related to the severity of pulmonary artery pressure in patients with COPD-PH, and higher pulmonary artery systolic pressure is closely related to lower levels of TC, HDL-C and LDL-C.
ObjectiveTo summarize the advance of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1). MethodsLiteratures about the recent studies on the TREM-1 were reviewed. ResultsTREM1 was a mediator of inflammation. It could amplify the inflammation and lead to overexpression of inflammation in final. ConclusionTREM-1 is very important in development of many diseases and provide a new molecule target to cure.
Objective To investigate the intervention effect of 3-phosphoinositede dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) inhibitor on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in smoking-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mice. Methods Fifty C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into normal control group, smoking group, smoking +low dose PDK1 inhibitor group, smoking + medium dose PDK1 inhibitor group and high dose PDK1 inhibitor group with 10 mice in each group. The mice in the normal control group inhaled phosphate-buffered saline twice a day for 12 weeks, and the mice in the smoking group were fumigated twice a day, 5 days per week for 12 weeks, and the other three groups were given intraperitoneal injection of low-dose PDK1 inhibitor OSU-03012 (0.25 mg/kg), medium-dose PDK1 inhibitor (0.5 mg/kg) and high-dose PDK1 inhibitor (1.0 mg/kg) respectively before smoking. After smoking, lung function was tested, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of each mouse was taken for cell count, the PGE2 in serum and BALF of mice was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and the lung tissue of mice was sectioned with paraffin and stained by hematoxylin-eosin (HE), and pathological changes were observed under microscope. Results Compared with the control group, FEV100/FVC and FEV200/FVC of the mice in each smoking group were significantly decreased (P<0.05); The number of cells in BALF of smoking group was significantly higher than that of normal control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the total number of BALF cells, the proportion of neutrophils and macrophages between the smoking + low-dose PDK1 inhibitor group and the smoking group. However, the total number of BALF cells and the proportion of neutrophils in the smoking + medium dose PDK1 inhibitor group and the high dose PDK1 inhibitor group gradually decreased, while the proportion of macrophages gradually increased, compared with the normal control group, the PGE2 concentrations of serum and BALF in the smoking group and the smoking + PDK1 inhibitor group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Compared with the smoking group, the PGE2 concentrations of serum and BALF in the middle and high dose PDK1 inhibitor groups were significantly lower than those in the smoking group. HE staining of lung tissue showed that there were a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration, alveolar cavity dilatation, alveolar wall rupture and fusion, alveolar formation, significant decrease in the number of alveoli and other pathological changes in the smoking group, which were consistent with the pathological changes of COPD. The inflammatory cell infiltration, mucus obstruction and alveolar dilatation were slightly alleviated in the smoking + low-dose PDK1 inhibitor group, while the inflammatory cell infiltration, alveolar wall thinning and alveolar dilatation were improved in both the medium-dose inhibitor group and the high-dose inhibitor group, and the improvement was more obvious in the high-dose inhibitor group. Conclusion The lung function of the smoked COPD mouse decreases, the airway inflammation is obvious, and the secretion of PGE2 is also increased, while the use of PDK1 inhibitor could reduce the secretion of PGE2, reduce airway inflammation and pathological changes, and improve lung function in a dose-dependent manner.
Maintenance hemodialysis patients face great risk and challenges in the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, and adequate and reasonable nutrition is an important weapon in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Therefore, the Chinese Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition proposed Dietary Expert Advice on Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19 in Hemodialysis Patients for hemodialysis patients. In this paper, the nine pieces of advice on hemodialysis patients’ staple food, intake of high-quality protein, vegetables and fruits, food types and combinations, prevention of virus transmission, fluid intake, nutritional supplements, regular rest and adequate sleep, as well as supplement of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant preparations are interpreted in detail.
Objective To observe the clinical manifestations and the effect factors of thyroid-associated ophthalmopath (TAO) with optic neuropathy. Methods The clinical data of 62 cases (120 eyes) of TAO with optic neuropathy diagnosed in 1994-2001 were retrospectively analyzed. Results The incidence of TAO with optic neuropathy was 18.3% in all the simultaneous TAO inpatients, and was more frequently found in the male than in the female ones. The incidence of TAO with optic neuropathy was correlated with orbitono-increase, ocular myopathy, hypertension, hyperlipemia, diabetes, and cardiopathy (P＜0.0000), but not with exophthalmos, intraocular pressure, and the disease course of TAO (Pgt;0.05). In 62 patients with the methylprednisolone pulse therapy, the visual acuity improved in 33 (29.0%), improved while the treatment but decreased after stop treating in 29 (24.2%), and no changes in 58 (46.8%). In 63 eyes undergone orbital decompression with methylprednisolone pulse therapy, 59 (93.7%) had better visual acuity. Conclusion The incidence of TAO with optic neuropathy was correlated with orbitono-increase, ocular myopathy, hypertension, hyperlipemia, diabetes, and cardiopathy. Met hylprednisolone pulse therapy and orbital decompression are the effective measures for TAO with optic neuropathy. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis，2004，20：142-144)
Objective To investigate the inpatient disease constitution of Jili Community Health Service Center (JCHSC) in Liuyang City of Hunan Province from 2008 to 2010, so as to learn about the local burden of diseases and to provide baseline data for further study. Methods Both questionnaire and focus interviews were applied to collect inpatients’ records in JCHSC between 2008 and 2010. Based on the primary diagnosis on hospital discharge record, the diseases were standardized and classified according to the International Classification of Disease, 10th Edition (ICD-10). Data including general information of the inpatients and discharge diagnosis were rearranged and analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2003 and SPSS 13.0 software. Results a) The total numbers of inpatients were 4 804, 6 011 and 6 552 in 2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively, and males were less than famales (37.89% vs. 62.11%, 37.68% vs. 62.32%, 41.09% vs. 58.91%); b)The disease spectrum included 19 to 21 categories, accounting for 90.5% to 100% of ICD-10; c) The top 5 systematic diseases accounted for 78.91%-83.61%, including circulate, digestive, pregnancy, parturition and puerperium, genitourinary, and respiratory system diseases; d) The top 15 single diseases were coronary heart disease, urinary calculi, cholecyslithiasis or accompanied with cholecystitis, chronic gastritis, hypertension, diabetes, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary infection and inguinal hernia; and e) In these 3 years, most of the inpatients suffered from chronic diseases rather than acute diseases, mostly over 35 years old; while the acute diseases were commonly seen in patients younger than 15 years old. Conclusion a) In recent 3 years, the major inpatient systematic diseases are circulate, digestive, pregnancy, parturition and puerperium, genitourinary, and respiratory system diseases. The chronic diseases are more than the acute, and mainly focus on coronary heart disease, urinary calculi and chronic bronchitis; b) Nine common inpatient disease spectrum of the top 15 single diseases keep same in recent 3 years; and c) Further attention should be paid to the chronic patients over 35 years old and the acute patients less than 15 years old.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic, recurrent, and non-specific intestinal inflammatory diseases. It usually occurs between 20 and 40 years old, overlapping with the patient’s childbearing age. Active IBD may lead to decreased fertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes, and pregnancy may also lead to recurrence of IBD. Through studying domestic and foreign related literature on pregnancy and IBD, this article elaborates on the guidance and management of IBD before pregnancy, the disease management of IBD during pregnancy, the disease management of IBD during lactation, and the current status and prospects of traditional Chinese medicine treatment. It aims to provide references for patients and clinicians to have a more scientific understanding of pregnancy with IBD.