Due to the decline of motor ability and the impact of the diseases, abnormalities in gait is common in the elderly population, which will raise the risk of fall and cause serious injury. This study focuses on the analysis of the gait kinematics parameters of normal adults’ gait, aiming to investigate the characteristics of gait parameters in different age groups and to explore the role of gait parameters in motor function assessment and clinical diagnosis. Based on the gait data gained by electronic walkway, the relationship among the toe out angles and their correlation with age and gender etc. were quantitatively analyzed. The results show that most normal subjects walk with positive toe out angles, and the angles increase with age. Such changes are slow in the young and middle age groups. However, the elevations of the left out toe angle and the angles between the feet are statistically significant after entering elder age ( >60 years). The results also suggest that the angle between the feet is a kind of practical gait parameter for varying applications. This study concludes that feet angle analysis is potential to provide a convenient and quantitative tool for the assessment of lower limb motor ability and the diagnosis of knee joint diseases.
This paper presents a wearable exoskeleton robot system to realize walking assist function, which oriented toward the patients or the elderly with the mild impairment of leg movement function, due to illness or natural aging. It reduces the loads of hip, knee, ankle and leg muscles during walking by way of weight support. In consideration of the characteristics of the psychological demands and the disease, unlike the weight loss system in the fixed or followed rehabilitation robot, the structure of the proposed exoskeleton robot is artistic, lightweight and portable. The exoskeleton system analyzes the user's gait real-timely by the plantar pressure sensors to divide gait phases, and present different control strategies for each gait phase. The pressure sensors in the seat of the exoskeleton system provide real-time monitoring of the support efforts. And the drive control uses proportion-integral-derivative (PID) control technology for torque control. The total weight of the robot system is about 12.5 kg. The average of the auxiliary support is about 10 kg during standing, and it is about 3 kg during walking. The system showed, in the experiments, a certain effect of weight support, and reduction of the pressure on the lower limbs to walk and stand.
Turning gait is very common in daily lives. However, study of turning is still limited. For researching the differences of the walking characteristics between straight gait and turning gait and between different turning strategies, and for analyzing the endopathic factor, this study selected 10 healthy young men to perform straight walking and 90° turning using two turning strategies (outside leg turning and inside leg turning). The Vicon capture system and plantar pressure capture system were used to measure gait parameters and plantar pressure parameters at the same time. The study showed that stride velocity reduced while stride time and proportion of stance time increased when turning was compared to straight walking. Inside leg turning strategy needed stronger muscle controlling and could promote turning, while outside leg turning strategy was more stable. This results will offer data for projecting gait of biped robot and provide reference value for walking rehabilitation training design and development of walking assistive equipments, etc.
Objective To provide the objective basis for the evaluation of the operative results of vascularized greater trochanter bone flap in treating osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) by three-dimensional gait analysis. Methods Between March 2006 and March 2007, 35 patients with ONFH were treated with vascularized greater trochanter bone flap, and gait analysis was made by using three-dimensional gait analysis system before operation and at 1, 2 years afteroperation. There were 23 males and 12 females, aged 21-52 years (mean, 35.2 years), including 8 cases of steroid-induced, 7 cases of traumatic, 6 cases of alcohol ic, and 14 cases of idiopathic ONFH. The left side was involved in 15 cases, and right side in 20 cases. According to Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) classification, all patients were diagnosed as having femoral-head necrosis at stage III. Preoperative Harris hip functional score (HHS) was 56.2 ± 5.6. The disease duration was 1.5-18.6 years (mean, 5.2 years). Results All incisions healed at stage I without early postoperative compl ications of deep vein thrombosis and infections of incision. Thirty-five patients were followed up 2-3 years with an average of 2.5 years. At 2 years after operation, the HHS score was 85.8 ± 4.1, showing significant difference when compared with the preoperative score (t=23.200, P=0.000). Before operation, patients showed a hip muscles gait, short gait, reduce pain gait, and the pathological gaits significantly improved at 1 year after operation. At 1 year and 2 years after operation, step frequency, pace, step length and hip flexion, hip extension, knee flexion, ankle flexion were significantly improved (P lt; 0.01). Acceleration-time curves showed that negative wave and spinous wave at acceleration-stance phase of front feet and hind feet in affected l imb were obviously reduced at 1 year and 2 years after operation. Postoperative petronas wave appeared at swing phase; the preoperative situation was three normal phase waves. Conclusion These results suggest that three-dimensional gait analysis before and after vascularized greater trochanter for ONFH can evaluate precisely hip vitodynamics variation.
The purpose of this study is to determine how restricting inversion-eversion and pronation-supination motions of the ankle joint complex influences the stability of human gait. The experiment was carried out on a slippery level ground walkway. Spatiotemporal gait parameter, kinematics and kinetics data as well as utilized coefficient of friction (UCOF) were compared between two conditions, i.e. with restriction of the ankle joint complex inversion-eversion and pronation-supination motions (FIXED) and without restriction (FREE). The results showed that FIXED could lead to a significant increase in velocity and stride length and an obvious decrease in double support time. Furthermore, FIXED might affect the motion angle range of knee joint and ankle joint in the sagittal plane. In FIXED condition, UCOF was significantly increased, which could lead to an increase of slip probability and a decrease of gait stability. Hence, in the design of a walker, bipedal robot or prosthetic, the structure design which is used to achieve the ankle joint complex inversion-eversion and pronation-supination motions should be implemented.
ObjectiveTo explore the gait trajectory characteristics and effectiveness after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA).MethodsThirty patients (30 knees) with anterior medial compartment osteoarthritis who were treated with UKA between January 2017 and December 2018 were selected as subjects (UKA group). According to age, gender, and side, 30 patients (30 knees) with knee osteoarthritis treated with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were selected as control (TKA group). In addition to the range of motion (ROM) before operation showing significant difference between the two groups (t=4.25, P=0.00), there was no significant difference in gender, age, disease duration, sides, body mass index, and preoperative hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA), Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score between the two groups (P>0.05). The incision length, drainage volume within 24 hours after operation, and the changes of hemoglobin and albumin were recorded. The WOMAC score, ROM, and HKA before and after operation were compared between the two groups. At 1 year after operation, the gait trajectory characteristics of two groups were analyzed by Vicon three-dimensional gait capture system, and the absolute symmetry index (ASI) of the lower limbs of the two groups was calculated.ResultsThe incisions of the two groups healed by first intention, with no complications. The incision length, drainage volume within 24 hours, and the changes of hemoglobin and albumin after operation in the UKA group were significantly smaller than those in the control group (P<0.05). All patients were followed up completely, the follow-up time ranged from 13 to 20 months of UKA group (mean, 18 months) and 16 to 24 months of control group (mean, 20 months). The imaging review showed that the lower limb alignment of the two groups were restored to a neutral position, and the position of prosthesis was good. At 1 year after operation, the WOMAC score, HKA, and ROM of two groups were significantly improved when compared with those before operation (P<0.05); the postoperative WOMAC score and ROM of the UKA group were significantly better than those of the control group (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in HKA between the two groups (t=1.54, P=0.13). Gait analysis at 1 year after operation showed that the walking speed, stride length, knee extension at mid-stance, and flexion at swing in the UKA group were significantly better than those in the TKA group (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in cadence, knee flexion at initial contact, and knee flexion at loading response between the two groups (P>0.05). The ASI of bilateral knee flexion in the UKA group was significantly greater than that in the TKA group during the initial contact and loading response period (P<0.05).ConclusionCompared with TKA, UKA has the advantages of small incision, less blood loss, and quicker functional recovery. The early gait after UKA is mainly manifested as the increase in walking speed, stride length, knee flexion at swing, and extension at mid-stance phase. From the analysis of gait symmetry, during the initial contact and loading response phase, the operation side after UKA undertakes more shock absorption and joint stabilization functions than the contralateral side.
Objective To analyze the kinematic changes of the hip joint after total hip arthroplasty (THA) through three-dimensional gait analysis. Methods Patients with hip joint diseases admitted between October 2022 and June 2023 were selected as the subjects. The patients who met the selective criteria were finally included in the THA group. The healthy volunteers matched with the THA group in the same age were included as the control group. Baseline data including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and laterality were compared between the two groups. The Harris hip score (HHS) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score were recorded preoperatively and at last follow-up in the THA group. Three-dimensional motion capture system was utilized to collect spatiotemporal parameters and kinematic data during walking, including stride length, cadence, and maximum/minimum values, range of motion (ROM) in hip joint abduction/adduction, external/internal rotation, and flexion/extension, as well as gait scores. Differences between the two groups were analyzed. Additionally, the correlation between gait scores and postoperative HHS and WOMAC scores were analyzed in the THA group. Finally, the kinematic data of each degree of freedom (DOF) were fitted into a gait diagram, and the dynamic changes of the 3-DOF of the hip joint during the gait cycle were quantitatively analyzed. ResultsThere was no significant difference in gender, age, laterality, and BMI between the two groups (n=20, P>0.05). The mean follow-up time in the THA group was 9.9 months (range, 6-12 months). The HHS and WOMAC scores at last follow-up in the THA group showed significant improvement when compared with preoperative scores (P<0.05). Gait scores were positively correlated with postoperative HHS score (r=0.585, P=0.007) and negatively correlated with WOMAC score (r=–0.619, P=0.004). There was no significant difference in stride length and cadence between the THA and control groups (P>0.05), but gait score was significantly lower in the THA group than in the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in maximum and minimum values of flexion/extension, external/internal rotation, and abduction/adduction between the two groups (P>0.05); however, ROM in the THA group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). There were significant differences between the two groups of flexion/extension in multiple phases of the gait cycle (P<0.05). ConclusionEarly post-THA hip joint kinematics exhibit relative adduction, external rotation, and flexion during the gait cycle compared to normal individuals, with incomplete recovery of kinematic parameters in three degrees of freedom. Significant differences in flexion are observed at multiple phases of the gait cycle compared to normal individuals.
Objective To explore the effects of fibulectomy on lower limb function and gait of adult patients through gait analysis, in order to provide guidance for clinical treatment. Methods A clinical data of 24 patients who underwent fibulectomy and met the selection criteria between January 2017 and December 2022 was retrospectively analyzed. There were 12 males and 12 females with an average age of 25 years (range, 18-68 years). The length of fibulectomy was 10-19 cm, with an average of 15 cm. The patients underwent routine rehabilitation training after operation. The occurrence of postoperative complications was recorded, the pain degree of surgical incision was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) score, and the residual fibular bone was reviewed by imaging. A gait test system was used before operation and at 6 months after operation to collect gait data of healthy and affected sides under slow, medium, and fast velocity conditions, including gait parameters (foot rotation angle, step length, support phase, swing phase, gait line length, single support line, maximum force 1, maximum force 2) and the tripod area parameters (maximum pressure, time maximum force, and contact time of forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot). Results All incisions healed by first intention after operation. All patients were followed up 1-5 years, with an average of 3 years. The great dorso-extension muscle strength decreased in 3 cases, and the sensory defects in the operative area and distal part occurred in 5 cases. The VAS scores of incisions were 0-6 (mean, 4) at 6 months after operation and 0-5 (mean, 2) at last follow-up. During follow-up, imaging review showed that 5 cases had osteoporotic changes of distal residual bone of the fibula, and the residual segment was shorter and more significant; 3 cases had new bone formation. The results of gait test showed that the gait parameters and the tripod area parameters under the three gait speeds were consistent. There was no significant difference in the gait parameters and the tripod area parameters between the healthy side and the affected side before operation (P>0.05). Compared with the healthy side, the foot rotation angle, the single support line, the maximum force 1, the maximum force 2, and the maximum pressures of the forefoot and midfoot of the affected side significantly decreased after operation (P<0.05), and the step length, the time maximum force of midfoot and hindfoot, and the contact time of the forefoot and midfoot significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with preoperative conditions on the same side, the foot rotation angle, the gait line length of both sides significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the maximum pressures of the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot and the time maximum force of the midfoot significantly increased (P<0.05); the step length on healthy side significantly decreased, while the affected side significantly increased (P<0.05); the maximum force 1 and the maximum force 2 on the healthy side significantly increased, while the affected side significantly decreased (P<0.05); the single support line on the affected side significantly decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion Different degrees of clinical symptoms occurred, gait pattern changes, compensatory gait appears, gait stability decreases, and the risk of tumble increases in adult patients after partial fibulectomy. Therefore, it is recommended to walk slowly after fibulectomy.
Aiming at comparing the pre-operative and post-operative gait characteristics and therefore establishing post-operative rehabilitation guidance for patients with end-stage knee osteoarthritis (KOA) merged with varus deformity, this study captured the level walking and sit-to-stand trials of 9 patients with 3-dimensional motion analysis system and after which musculoskeletal multi-body dynamic analysis was conducted. The study indicated that the average range of motion (ROM) of the proposed-surgical knee was 24.4°–57.6° and that of the non-surgical knee was 22.5°–71.5°. The knee ROM of control group during level walking was 7.2°–62.4°. When the unilateral KOA patients stood up from chair to complete the sit-to-stand movement, the ground reaction forces (GRFs) symmetry was 0.72–0.85, which means that the non-surgical limb bear the majority of body weight. The GRFs of the bilateral KOA patients were smallest during the sit-to-stand movement. The strategy that the non-surgical limb dominates in loading bearing taken by the unilateral KOA patients to cover most post-operative daily activities could increase the risk of KOA among non-surgical side joints as a result of long-term excessive loading-bearing. The study, on kinematics and biomechanical characteristics of patients with KOA merged with varus deformity, could help to understand the pathogenesis of KOA merged with varus deformity from the perspective of biomechanics and to provide strong clinic guidance for the pre-operative evaluation, prevention and post-operative recovery for patients.
Objective To investigate the changes of knee joint kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction assisted by personalized femoral positioner based on the apex of deep cartilage (ADC). Methods Between January 2021 and January 2022, a total of 40 patients with initial ACL rupture who met the selection criteria were randomly divided into the study group (using the personalized femoral positioner based on ADC design to assist ACL reconstruction) and the control group (not using the personalized femoral positioner to assist ACL reconstruction), with 20 patients in each group. Another 20 volunteers with normal knee were collected as a healthy group. There was no significant difference in gender, age, body mass index, and affected side between groups (P>0.05). Gait analysis was performed at 3, 6, and 12 months after operation using Opti _ Knee three-dimensional knee joint motion measurement and analysis system, and the 6 degrees of freedom (flexion and extension angle, varus and valgus angle, internal and external rotation angle, anteroposterior displacement, superior and inferior displacement, internal and external displacement) and motion cycle (maximum step length, minimum step length, and step frequency) of the knee joint were recorded. The patients’ data was compared to the data of healthy group. Results In the healthy group, the flexion and extension angle was (57.80±3.45)°, the varus and valgus angle was (10.54±1.05)°, the internal and external rotation angle was (13.02±1.66)°, and the anteroposterior displacement was (1.44±0.39) cm, the superior and inferior displacement was (0.86±0.20) cm, and the internal and external displacement was (1.38±0.39) cm. The maximum step length was (51.24±1.29) cm, the minimum step length was (45.69±2.28) cm, and the step frequency was (12.45±0.47) step/minute. Compared with the healthy group, the flexion and extension angles and internal and external rotation angles of the patients in the study group and the control group decreased at 3 months after operation, and the flexion and extension angles of the patients in the control group decreased at 6 months after operation, and the differences were significant (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in the other time points and other indicators when compared with healthy group (P>0.05). In the study group, the flexion and extension angles and internal and external rotation angles at 6 and 12 months after operation were significantly greater than those at 3 months after operation (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the other indicators at other time points (P>0.05). There was a significant difference in flexion and extension angle between the study group and the control group at 6 months after operation (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference of the indicators between the two groups at other time points (P>0.05).Conclusion Compared with conventional surgery, ACL reconstruction assisted by personalized femoral positioner based on ADC design can help patients achieve more satisfactory early postoperative kinematic results, and three-dimensional kinematic analysis can more objectively and dynamically evaluate the postoperative recovery of knee joint.