Objective To review the methods of overcoming immunological rejection in xenotransplantation.Methods The strategies of overcoming immunological rejection in xenotransplantation were analyzed and summaried on the basis of an extensive review of the latest l iterature concerned. Results The research development of immunological rejection mechanism and molecular biological technique provided new approaches for overcoming immunological rejection in xenotransplantation. Conclusion It is only a matter of time for xenotransplantation to be appl ied cl inically.
Objective To study the effect of splenectomy on the anti-tumor immunity in rats with induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods At the second and fourth month of the induced HCC, the NK cell activity, TNF-α level and total lymphcyte in blood were measured in the group of splenectomy and the control group. Results There were no different in the total lymphcyte and TNF-α in the blood in two groups, but there were significant difference in the NK cell activity between the group of splenectomy and the control group (Ｐ＜0.05). Conclusion There are some change in the anti-tumor immunity after splenectomy in rats, in which NK cell activity is at low level continuously. TNF-α isn′t affected after the second month after splenectomy.
【Abstract】 Objective To review the research progress of possible mechanism of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase(IDO) in immunological regulation and function of transplantation immunity. Methods The advances in the IDO location, immunological regulatory mechanism and function of transplantation immunity were introduced based on the recent related l iterature. Results IDO played an immunoregulatory role by locally depleting tryptophan in tissue microenvironment which resulted in immunosuppression of allogeneic T-cell prol iferation. IDO cDNA was del ivered to chromosome in interesting cells by gene transfection and stimulated to express, which was associated with a prolongation in allograft survival in vivo . Conc lu sion IDO offers a new way in transplantation immunity, and this provid novel method for elevating allograft survival rate.
T lymphocyte acid α-naphthl acetate esterase (Tc-ANAE) activity was measured in 23 pathologically proved gastric cancer patients before and after surgical intervention. The result showed that interventional treatment obviously decreased the Tc-ANAE activity in patients with gastric cancer (Ｐ＜0.01), especially decreased the immune function in late stage cases (stage Ⅳ) (Ｐ＜0.01), the more advanced the cancer was, the more impaired the immune function was. Interventional treatment had no influence on immune function in earlier stages (Ｐ＞0.05).
ObjectiveIn order to provide a data base for fund project applicants and funding priorities, we would summarize the basic situation and key points of basic research in liver transplantation by analyzing the projects funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) in the field of liver transplantation.MethodsThrough the big data knowledge management and service platform of NSFC, internet-based science information system, and shared service network of NSFC, we searched the funding project information in the liver transplantation relevant field from 2010 to 2019, then analyzed the effectiveness of the Young Scientists Fund of NSFC in promoting young researchers and the research focus and development direction of funding projects.ResultsIn the latest 10 years, NSFC persistently and stably funded the basic research in the field of liver transplantation, with the total number of funding projects was 387, and the funding budget was 198.215 million yuan. The main types of funding projects were the General Program and the Youth Science Fund. There were 210 General Program project (54.3%) with an amount of 113.14 million yuan (57.1%), 127 Young Scientists Fund (32.8%) with an amount of 27.9 million yuan (14.1%), and 22 Fund for Less Developed Regions (5.7%) with an amount of 9.03 million yuan (4.6%). Sun Yat-sen University and Zhejiang University were far ahead of other supporting institutions in both the total number of projects undertaken and the amount of funds granted. The youth/surface ratio reached as high as 72.2% (13/18). The conversion rate of Young Scientists Fund to higher-level projects reached about 50%, which was significantly higher than the overall level of 24.7% (21/85) in the field of liver transplantation. The funding projects were mainly distributed in application code H0318 (liver regeneration, liver protection, liver failure, and artificial liver, 58, 15.0%), H0321 (organ transplantation of digestive system, 169, 43.7%), and H1006 (organ transplantation and transplantation immunity, 50, 12.9%). The main research fields were transplantation immunity and liver injury and liver protection. At the same time, projects such as graft function and complications of liver transplantation were also funded. There were few studies on the immune status of long-term survival in patients after liver transplantation and the mechanism on prevention of immunosuppressant-related diseases.ConclusionsThe NSFC has a great leading effect on the discipline development and talent cultivation of liver transplantation. However, there are still some problems in the discipline layout, such as the lack of attention to the mechanism of long-term graft function and chronic immune rejection.
Objective To investigate the relevance and changes of mucosal immunity in asthma rats’lung, nose and intestine. Methods Twenty Wistar rats were randomly divided into a normal group and an asthma group. Asthma rat model was established by sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin. CD4 + ,CD8 + , eotaxin protein and its mRNA in rats’lung tissues, rhinal and intestinal mucosa were measured by immunohistochemical methods and situ hybridization. The content of sIgA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BALF) , nasopharyngeal washings and intestinal mucus supernatant were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Compared with the normal group, the levels of CD4 + , CD8 + in rats’lung tissues, rhinal and intestinal mucosa, the expression of eotaxin protein and mRNA in rats’lung tissues, the content of sIgA in nasopharyngeal washing, and the expression of eotaxin protein in intestinal mucosa were significantly higher in the asthma group( P lt; 0. 05) . There were no significant differences of other indices between the two groups. In the normal group, the eotaxin protein expression had a negative correlationbetween lung tissue and rhinal mucosa( r = - 0. 572, P = 0. 008) , and a positive correlation between intestinal and rhinal mucosa( r=0. 638, P =0. 002) . The eotaxin mRNA expression had a positive correlation between lung tissue and rhinal mucosa( r= 0. 502, P = 0. 024) , and a positive correlation between intestinaland rhinal mucosa( r=0. 594, P =0. 006) . In the asthma group, such a correlation was not found except the eotaxin protein expression which had a negative correlation between lung tissue and intestinal mucosa( r =- 0. 448, P = 0. 048) . Conclusions Mucosal immunity in lung, nose and intestine remains a dynamic balance. The balance of mucosal immunity is destroyed in asthma.
Obesity, sleep disorders, psychological stress, sedentary are modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. There is growing evidence that these risk factors may accelerate the chronic inflammatory process of atherosclerosis and lead to myocardial infarction. Studies on the role of immune cells and their related immune mechanisms in atherosclerosis have shown that the above modifiable risk factors can affect the hematopoiesis of the bone marrow system, affect the production of immune cells and phenotypes, and then affect the progress of atherosclerosis. This review will focus on the effects of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors on the progression of atherosclerosis through the role of the innate immune system.
Objective To investigate the effects of ulinastatin on Treg/Th17 and immune status in patients with severe sepsis.Methods A total of 80 patients with severe sepsis, who were hospitalized in ICU during October 2011 to July 2012, were randomly divided into a routine group and a ulinastatin group. The patients in the ulinastatin group were intravenously administered 30mg ulinastatin three times per day for 5 days in addition to routine bundle treatment. The expression of Treg, Th17 and HLA-DR were detected on the first day in ICU and 5 days after treatment. 20 healthy individuals served as controls. Results Compared with the control group, the severe sepsis group had overexpression of Treg and Th17 ( P lt;0. 01) , higher ratio of Treg/Th17( P lt;0. 01) , and decreased HLA-DR expression of CD14 monocyte ( P lt; 0. 01) . In the severe sepsis patients, ulinastatin injection reduced the abnormal expression of Treg and Th17 ( P lt; 0. 01) , decreased the ratio of Treg/Th17( P lt; 0. 01) , and improved the expression of HLA-DR ( P lt; 0. 01) more effectively compared with the routine treatment. Ulinastatin also lowered 28-day mortality of the patients with sepsis, but the difference between the ulinastatin group and the routine group was not significant. Conclusions In severe sepsis patients, there were abnormal overexpression of Treg and Th17, imbalance of Treg/Th17, and underexpression of HLA-DR which imply an immune suppression. Ulinastatin can decrease the expression of Treg and Th17, inverses the ratio of Treg/Th17, and improve the expression of HLA-DR, so as to improve the prognosis of severe sepsis patients.
ObjectiveTo review and summarize the role and progress of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsThe domestic and foreign literature in recent years was reviewed. The role of innate immune-mediated inflammation, macrophages, T cells, and complement systems in the pathogenesis of OA, potential therapeutic targets, and the latest research progress were summarized.ResultsWith the deepening of research, OA is gradually considered as a low-grade inflammation, in which innate immunity plays an important role. The polarization of synovial macrophage subpopulation in OA has been studied extensively. Current data shows that the failure of transformation from M1 subtype to M2 subtype is a key link in the progression of OA. T cells and complement system are also involved in the pathological process of OA.ConclusionAt present, the role of innate immunity in the progress of OA has been played in the spotlight, whereas the specific mechanism has not been clear. The macrophage subtype polarization is a potential therapeutic target for early prevention and treatment of OA.
The pathogenesis of Vogt-Koyanagi Harada disease (VKH) has not yet been fully defined. Current studies mainly suggest that VKH is actually an autoimmune disease, especially related to the immune response mediated by various signal transduction pathways involved in the function of T cells. In recent years, the influence of the balance imbalance of various T cell subsets in cellular immunity on the pathogenesis of VKH has been a hot research direction. Currently, T helper cell 17/T regulatory cells, balance is the focus of clinical research, meanwhile, new discoveries and potential clinical treatment schemes have been made for related cellular pathways, particularly the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway and NF-kappa B pathway. The exploration of B cells in the pathogenesis of VKH has also achieved initial results through the successful application of various targeted drugs. In the future, further screening and localization of genes or proteins that are abnormally regulated or expressed in VKH, for which early comprehensive and in-depth exploration will be helpful, thus improve the efficacy of clinical treatment programs and develop new therapeutic targets.