Objective To review the changes of gut microbiota after bariatric surgery and the related mechanisms of improving metabolism. Method Domestic and international literatures in recent ten years on the changes of gut microbiota in bariatric surgery and the mechanisms of improving metabolism were collated and summarized. Result The common bariatric procedures performed to date were vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The changes of gut microbiota vary in different surgical procedures, which were related to the changes of diet habits, gastrointestinal anatomy, gastrointestinal hormone levels and metabolic complications. The gut microbiota might improve the body metabolism by regulating the levels of short chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids and bacterial endotoxin in the intestinal lumen. Conclusions Significant changes are found in gut microbiota after bariatric surgery, which may be involved in the improvement of body metabolism by regulating the level of bacterial endotoxin and microbial metabolite. However, more in-depth mechanisms need to be further clarified.
Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is one of the most common and complex complications of diabetes. In recent years, studies have shown that gut microbiota can regulate inflammatory response, intestinal permeability, glucose metabolism, and fatty acid oxidation, synthesis, and energy consumption by regulating factors such as lipopolysaccharides, short chain fatty acids, bile acids, and branched chain amino acids, achieving the goal of treating DNP. This paper summarizes the relevant mechanisms of gut microbiota in the treatment of DNP, the relevant intervention measures of traditional Chinese and western medicine, in order to provide new ideas for clinical treatment of DNP.
Objective To analyze the causal relationship between gut microbiota and childhood asthma based on Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods The human gut microbiota dataset was downloaded from the MiBioGen database, and 196 known bacterial groups (9 phyla, 16 classes, 20 orders, 32 families, and 119 genera) were retained as exposure factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were strongly correlated with exposure factors and independent of each other were selected as effective instrumental variables. A childhood asthma dataset with 3 025 patients and 135 449 controls was downloaded from the genome-wide association studies database as the outcome variable. Two-sample MR analysis was performed using inverse variance weighted, weighted median, MR-Egger, weighted model and simple model methods, respectively. The causal association between gut microbiota and childhood asthma was evaluated by odds ratio (OR). Sensitivity analysis was performed by leave-one-out method. Horizontal pleiotropy was tested by MR-Egger intercept test and MR-PRESSO global test, and Cochran’s Q test was used for heterogeneity. Results A total of 15 out of 196 gut microbiota groups were found to have a causal association (P<0.05) with the risk of childhood asthma, with a total of 181 SNPs included in the analysis. Inverse variance weighted analysis showed that Mollicutes [OR=1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.10, 1.83), P=0.007], Escherichia-Shigella [OR=1.39, 95%CI (1.02, 1.90), P=0.036], Oxalobacter [OR=1.30, 95%CI (1.10, 1.54), P=0.002], Ruminococcaceae UCG-009 [OR=1.34, 95%CI (1.09, 1.64), P=0.006] and Tenericutes [OR=1.42, 95%CI (1.10, 1.83), P=0.007] were significantly positively correlated with childhood asthma. Actinobacteria [OR=0.76, 95%CI (0.58, 0.99), P=0.042], Bifidobacteriaceae [OR=0.76, 95%CI (0.58, 0.98), P=0.035], Eubacterium nodatum group [OR=0.81, 95%CI (0.70, 0.94), P=0.007], Bifidobacterales [OR=0.76, 95%CI (0.58, 0.98), P=0.035] and Actinobacteria [OR=0.74, 95%CI (0.56, 0.99), P=0.040] were negatively correlated with childhood asthma. In addition, the results of leave-one-out sensitivity analysis were stable, MR-Egger intercept test and MR-PRESSO global test showed no horizontal pleiotropy, and Cochran’s Q test showed no heterogeneity. Conclusions There is a causal relationship between gut microbiota and childhood asthma. Mollicutes, Escherichia-Shigella, Oxalobacter, Ruminococcaceae UCG-009 and Tenericutes may increase the risk of childhood asthma. Actinobacteria, Bifidobacteriaceae, Eubacterium nodatum group, Bifidobacterales and Actinobacteria can reduce the risk of childhood asthma.
There is increasing evidence that microorganisms play a complex and important role in human health and disease, and that the in vivo microbiome can directly or indirectly affect the host’s immune system, endocrine system, and nervous system. Therefore, a relatively stable equilibrium between the host and the microbiome is crucial in human health. However, in the special pathophysiological state of the perioperative period, preoperative anxiety and sleep deprivation, anesthesia intervention and surgical injury, postoperative medication and complications may all have different effects on the microbial composition of various organs in the body, resulting in pathogenic microorganisms, and the balance between beneficial microorganisms is altered. This may affect patient the outcomes and prognosis in a direct or indirect manner. This paper will provide a systematic review of key studies to understand the impact of perioperative stress on the commensal microbiome, provide a fresh perspective on optimizing perioperative management strategies, and discuss possible potential interventions to restore microbiome-mediated steady state.
ObjectiveTo review the association of gut microbiota and postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction (GID) in patients after abdominal surgery and to provide a new idea for the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of postoperative GID in patients after abdominal surgery.MethodThe related and latest literatures were reviewed by searching the literatures on “intestinal flora” “gut microbiota” “intestinal microbial population” “brain-gut axis” “gastrointestinal function” “gastric paralysis” “intestinal paralysis” and “ileus” from January 1, 2000 to April 2, 2021 in Chinese and English databases.ResultsGut microbiota diversity was closely related to postoperative GID symptoms in patients after abdominal surgery. Gut microbiota regulated gastrointestinal motility and mucosal barrier function by metabolizing food to produce metabolites such as 5-hydroxytryptamine, melatonin, short-chain fatty acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, and so on.ConclusionsThe imbalance of gut microbiota is closely related to postoperative GID in patients after abdominal surgery. However, the relevant bacterial metabolites that have been found are limited at present, and the relevant mechanism needs to be further investigated.
Objective To overview the systematic review(SR) of efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Methods PubMed, The Cochrane Library, EMbase, CNKI, VIP, WanFang Data databases and related website (http://scholar.google.com/) were electronically searched to collect SR and meta-analysis on FMT of CDI. The quality of collected documents and evidences were evaluated by OQAQ (Overview Quality Assessment Questionnaire) and GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation), respectively. Results Eleven SRs were included, in which 4 were completed by meta-analysis. The results of OQAQ showed that the score of one review was 2, the others SR received scores from 5 to 9. There were 9 SRs had reported the CDI clinical resolution rate (CRR), of which one SR showed CRR was 36.2%, and the others showed CRR were about 90%. Compared to upper gastrointestinal FMT, all studies showed lower gastrointestinal FMT (colonoscopy, enemas, etc.) had a higher CRR. The outcomes of selection and random fecal donor had no significant differences, and authors suggested that there should be made a standardization of donor screening table for safe fecal. Present evidence showed FMT were safety, and the majority of adverse events of FMT appeared to be mild, self-limiting and gastrointestinal in nature. The GRADE quality level of SR indicated from very low to moderate. Conclusion FMT, as a treatment for CDI, shows significant efficacy and safety, but need more high-level evidences because of its clinical translation difficulties. The study also give a reference to develop standardized clinical pathways of FMT to policy researchers.
Gut microbiota and its metabolites in various human diseases have gradually become a research hotspot in the current medical community. And coronary artery disease is currently one of the most threatening clinical cardiovascular diseases in the world, so the use of gut microbiota and its metabolites in the development of its pathophysiology has also received more and more attention. Therefore, this paper reviews the effects of gut microbiota and its metabolites on coronary artery disease, as well as the research progress of intervening gut microbiota and its metabolites as therapeutic targets, hoping to expand the future research direction in this field and provide new ideas with treating coronary artery disease.
In recent years, the diversity of gut microbiota and the role of its metabolites in cardiovascular disease (CVD) have attracted widespread attention. Gut microbiota metabolites not only play an important role in maintaining gut health, but may also influence cardiovascular health through a variety of mechanisms. As one of the important products of gut microbiota metabolism, sulfate’s biosynthetic pathway, metabolic dynamics and potential effects on cardiovascular system have become the focus of research. However, the current research on the relationship between sulfate and cardiovascular disease still has some shortcomings, including the mechanism is not clear, and clinical data are limited. This article reviewed the biosynthesis of sulfate and its mechanism of action in cardiovascular diseases, and combined with the existing clinical research results, aimed to provide new perspectives and ideas for future research, in order to promote the in-depth exploration and development of this field.
ObjectiveTo establisht a gut microbiota mice model for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and its evaluation.MethodsThe mice received FMT from healthy individuals, COPD Ⅰ-Ⅱ subjects, or COPD Ⅲ–Ⅳ subjects. After microbiota depletion, the FMT was performed by a single oral administration of 100 μL per mouse every other day, for a total of 14 times in 28 days. On the 29th day, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed, the gut microbiota of mice before and after FMT was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing, and the mice model were evaluated.ResultsThe operational taxonomic units, Chao 1 and Shannon indexes of mice all decreased significantly after antibiotic treatment (P<0.001), but increased significantly after FMT from healthy individuals, COPD Ⅰ-Ⅱ subjects, or COPD Ⅲ–Ⅳ subjects (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria in the guts of the mice in the healthy human FMT group, COPD Ⅰ-Ⅱ FMT group and COPD Ⅲ-Ⅳ FMT group were significantly different from those of the control group who only received phosphate buffer saline instead of FMT (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The auxiliary T lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes were higher, but B lymphocytes decreased in the peripheral blood of the mice in the COPD Ⅰ-Ⅱ FMT group and COPD Ⅲ-Ⅳ FMT group (P<0.05 or P<0.01).ConclusionFMT can successfully establish a COPD gut microbiota research model.
Childhood obesity is a global public health problem that seriously affects the normal growth and development of children. In recent years, a large number of studies have pointed out that the intestinal microbiome is closely related to childhood obesity, and the treatment strategies targeting the intestinal microbiome have a certain improvement effect on childhood obesity. This article elaborates on the establishment and development of intestinal microbiome, intestinal microbiome characteristics, the mechanisms of intestinal microbiome involvement in the occurrence and development of childhood obesity, and potential intervention strategies, so as to provide more ideas for basic and clinical research on childhood obesity.