Advances, advantages, and limitations of different disinfection technologies_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

LI Jing ¹ , CHEN Tingyu ² , DONG Jianxia ¹ , ZHANG Ting ¹ , HE Jialin ¹ ,  HE Zhiyao ^1,3

1. Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;
2. Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;
3. West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

HE Zhiyao, Email: heyaode@163.com

Keywords：

Disinfection technologies; physical disinfection; chemical disinfection; integrated disinfection techniques

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202409138

Video：

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This article reviews the current status and characteristics of disinfection technologies in the modern era, including physical, chemical, and integrated disinfection methods. It focuses on the latest research advances, advantages, and limitations of novel disinfection technologies, such as plasma-activated systems, photocatalytic oxidation, and synergistic chemical-physical or bio-chemical composite techniques. The study reveals that single disinfection methods often fail to meet the demands of complex environments, while integrated technologies demonstrate significant advantages in improving disinfection efficiency and environmental compatibility. However, challenges remain in terms of cost, standardization, and long-term safety. Future development of disinfection technologies should prioritize intelligent multi-technology integration, green and sustainable practices, targeted disinfection, personalized applications, and international standardization.

Citation： LI Jing, CHEN Tingyu, DONG Jianxia, ZHANG Ting, HE Jialin, HE Zhiyao. Advances, advantages, and limitations of different disinfection technologies. West China Medical Journal, 2025, 40(3): 481-485. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202409138 Copy

1.	Parveen N, Chowdhury S, Goel S. Environmental impacts of the widespread use of chlorine-based disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022, 29(57): 85742-85760.
2.	Talat A, Bashir Y, Khalil N, et al. Antimicrobial resistance transmission in the environmental settings through traditional and UV-enabled advanced wastewater treatment plants: a metagenomic insight. Environ Microbiome, 2025, 20(1): 27.
3.	孙政春, 朱金才, 朱亭亭, 等. 医疗机构场景下高能脉冲紫外线消毒设备消毒效果评价. 中华预防医学杂志, 2024, 58(6): 857-861.
4.	Soares, BS, Mello RD, Motheo AJ. Groundwater treatment and disinfection by electrochemical advanced oxidation process: influence of the supporting electrolyte and the nature of the contaminant. Appl Res, 2024, 3(2): e202300008.
5.	Biasi A, Gionta M, Pisa F, et al. Enhancement of microbicidal efficacy of chemical disinfectants when combined with ultrasound technology. J Appl Microbiol, 2024, 135(3): lxae043.
6.	Messina G, Amodeo D, Corazza A, et al. Analysis of the physical and microbiocidal characteristics of an emerging and innovative UV disinfection technology. BMJ Innov, 2022, 8(1): 21-28.
7.	邵子轩, 魏秋华, 任哲, 等. LED 紫外消毒装置消毒效果及其影响因素研究. 中国消毒学杂志, 2024, 41(7): 481-484.
8.	Kousha O, O’Mahoney P, Hammond R, et al. 222 nm Far-UVC from filtered Krypton-Chloride excimer lamps does not cause eye irritation when deployed in a simulated office environment. Photochem Photobiol, 2024, 100(1): 137-145.
9.	邬悦. 医疗废物高温蒸汽消毒工程应用研究. 广东化工, 2023, 50(16): 45-47.
10.	郭诗莹, 郑凯龙. 低温过氧化氢等离子和脉动真空压力蒸汽灭菌在管腔类手术器械管理中的应用. 中国医疗器械信息, 2024, 30(13): 164-166.
11.	Mahanta N, Saxena V, Pandey LM, et al. Performance study of a sterilization box using a combination of heat and ultraviolet light irradiation for the prevention of COVID-19. Environ Res, 2021, 198: 111309.
12.	Rowles LS, Tso D, Dolocan A, et al. Integrating navajo pottery techniques to improve silver nanoparticle-enabled ceramic water filters for disinfection. Environ Sci Technol, 2023, 57(44): 17132-17143.
13.	Sheraz M, Ly HN, Le VCT, et al. Electrospinning synthesis of CuBTC/TiO₂/PS composite nanofiber on HEPA filter with self-cleaning property for indoor air purification. Process Saf Environ Prot, 2023, 172: 621-631.
14.	陈宇, 邱迪, 王顺. 水解酸化-Biodopp+高效沉淀池+臭氧-BAF+过滤消毒工艺处理化工园区废水. 水处理技术, 2020, 46(7): 136-139.
15.	Yi JG, Bo W. Architecture design of an intelligent monitoring system for turbine filtration device. J Phys Conf Ser, 2021, 1944(1): 012040.
16.	张伟, 李明. 静电吸附消毒技术原理及应用研究. 中国消毒学杂志, 2020, 37(5): 321-325.
17.	Xie S, Hu J, Li K, et al. Substantial and efficient adsorption of heavy metal ions based on protein and polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers by electrospinning. Int J Biol Macromol, 2023, 253(Pt 1): 126536.
18.	屈敏, 何皎洁, 杨异星, 等. 结构和价态调控的 Ce-MOFs 及其衍生物吸附水中氟离子的机理. 重庆大学学报, 2024, 47(6): 1-14.
19.	刘丰文, 李世奇, 于清峰, 等. 静电喷雾技术在消毒领域的应用研究. 中国消毒学杂志, 2022, 39(2): 87-88, 91.
20.	McEvoy B, Maksimovic A, Howell D, et al. Studies on the comparative effectiveness of X-rays, gamma rays and electron beams to inactivate microorganisms at different dose rates in industrial sterilization of medical devices. Radiat Phys Chem, 2023, 208: 110915.
21.	金兴华, 祝敬信, 丰俊东, 等. 电磁辐射的微生物效应与疾病. 微生物学报, 2024, 64(8): 2610-2622.
22.	Mukherjee A, Ahn YH. Natural biocide-assisted ultrasonic disinfection of wastewater effluent following a response surface methodology approach. Biochem Eng J, 2024, 212: 109517.
23.	吕瑞玲, 丁甜, 周建伟, 等. 超声波及其联合技术灭活细菌芽孢的研究进展. 食品科学, 2022, 43(1): 278-284.
24.	柴真真, 王静, 聂珍贵. 化学消毒剂及其消毒效果评价的发展和应用. 质量安全与检验检测, 2023, 33(3): 81-84.
25.	李湲湲. 二氧化氯控释瓦楞纸箱和微胶囊的制备及其在水果保鲜中的应用. 重庆: 西南大学, 2020.
26.	陶丽欢, 刘元义, 毕玉亮, 等. 基于臭氧杀菌技术的旋耕式土壤消毒机设计与试验. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(4): 244-249, 265.
27.	Laroussi M, Bekeschus S, Keidar M, et al. Low-temperature plasma for biology, hygiene, and medicine: perspective and roadmap. IEEE Trans Radiat Plasma Med Sci, 2021, 6(2): 127-157.
28.	Northage N, Shvalya V, Modic M, et al. Evaluation of plasma activated liquids for the elimination of mixed species biofilms within endoscopic working channels. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1): 28593.
29.	郭莉, 赵鹏瑜, 黄玲玲, 等. 等离子体活化水用于微生物消杀的意义和现状. 高电压技术, 2024, 50(7): 2955-2971.
30.	Sobhy NM, Muñoz AQ, Youssef CRB, et al. Inactivation of three subtypes of influenza A virus by a commercial device using ultraviolet light and ozone. Avian Dis, 2024, 67(4): 305-309.
31.	Liu X, Pan Y, Yao Y, et al. Accelerated pollutant degradation by UV/H₂O₂ at the air-water interface of microdroplets. Environ Sci Technol, 2025, 59(10): 5406-5414.
32.	Guo Z, Tang X, Wang W, et al. The photo-based treatment technology simultaneously removes resistant bacteria and resistant genes from wastewater. J Environ Sci (China), 2025, 148: 243-262.
33.	钟昱文, 王冰姝, 冯耀忠, 等. 空气净化消毒器消毒效果的临床试验研究. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2014, 24(11): 2849-2851.
34.	Ran J, Duan H, Srinivasakannan C, et al. Effective removal of organics from Bayer liquor through combined sonolysis and ozonation: kinetics and mechanism. Ultrason Sonochem, 2022, 88: 106106.
35.	李银汇. 高频超声波联合次氯酸钠杀菌机理及应用研究. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2022.
36.	王磊, 陈晓华. 噬菌体与化学消毒剂协同杀菌效应分析. 中国消毒学杂志, 2021, 38(3): 201-205.

1. Parveen N, Chowdhury S, Goel S. Environmental impacts of the widespread use of chlorine-based disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022, 29(57): 85742-85760.
2. Talat A, Bashir Y, Khalil N, et al. Antimicrobial resistance transmission in the environmental settings through traditional and UV-enabled advanced wastewater treatment plants: a metagenomic insight. Environ Microbiome, 2025, 20(1): 27.
3. 孙政春, 朱金才, 朱亭亭, 等. 医疗机构场景下高能脉冲紫外线消毒设备消毒效果评价. 中华预防医学杂志, 2024, 58(6): 857-861.
4. Soares, BS, Mello RD, Motheo AJ. Groundwater treatment and disinfection by electrochemical advanced oxidation process: influence of the supporting electrolyte and the nature of the contaminant. Appl Res, 2024, 3(2): e202300008.
5. Biasi A, Gionta M, Pisa F, et al. Enhancement of microbicidal efficacy of chemical disinfectants when combined with ultrasound technology. J Appl Microbiol, 2024, 135(3): lxae043.
6. Messina G, Amodeo D, Corazza A, et al. Analysis of the physical and microbiocidal characteristics of an emerging and innovative UV disinfection technology. BMJ Innov, 2022, 8(1): 21-28.
7. 邵子轩, 魏秋华, 任哲, 等. LED 紫外消毒装置消毒效果及其影响因素研究. 中国消毒学杂志, 2024, 41(7): 481-484.
8. Kousha O, O’Mahoney P, Hammond R, et al. 222 nm Far-UVC from filtered Krypton-Chloride excimer lamps does not cause eye irritation when deployed in a simulated office environment. Photochem Photobiol, 2024, 100(1): 137-145.
9. 邬悦. 医疗废物高温蒸汽消毒工程应用研究. 广东化工, 2023, 50(16): 45-47.
10. 郭诗莹, 郑凯龙. 低温过氧化氢等离子和脉动真空压力蒸汽灭菌在管腔类手术器械管理中的应用. 中国医疗器械信息, 2024, 30(13): 164-166.
11. Mahanta N, Saxena V, Pandey LM, et al. Performance study of a sterilization box using a combination of heat and ultraviolet light irradiation for the prevention of COVID-19. Environ Res, 2021, 198: 111309.
12. Rowles LS, Tso D, Dolocan A, et al. Integrating navajo pottery techniques to improve silver nanoparticle-enabled ceramic water filters for disinfection. Environ Sci Technol, 2023, 57(44): 17132-17143.
13. Sheraz M, Ly HN, Le VCT, et al. Electrospinning synthesis of CuBTC/TiO₂/PS composite nanofiber on HEPA filter with self-cleaning property for indoor air purification. Process Saf Environ Prot, 2023, 172: 621-631.
14. 陈宇, 邱迪, 王顺. 水解酸化-Biodopp+高效沉淀池+臭氧-BAF+过滤消毒工艺处理化工园区废水. 水处理技术, 2020, 46(7): 136-139.
15. Yi JG, Bo W. Architecture design of an intelligent monitoring system for turbine filtration device. J Phys Conf Ser, 2021, 1944(1): 012040.
16. 张伟, 李明. 静电吸附消毒技术原理及应用研究. 中国消毒学杂志, 2020, 37(5): 321-325.
17. Xie S, Hu J, Li K, et al. Substantial and efficient adsorption of heavy metal ions based on protein and polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers by electrospinning. Int J Biol Macromol, 2023, 253(Pt 1): 126536.
18. 屈敏, 何皎洁, 杨异星, 等. 结构和价态调控的 Ce-MOFs 及其衍生物吸附水中氟离子的机理. 重庆大学学报, 2024, 47(6): 1-14.
19. 刘丰文, 李世奇, 于清峰, 等. 静电喷雾技术在消毒领域的应用研究. 中国消毒学杂志, 2022, 39(2): 87-88, 91.
20. McEvoy B, Maksimovic A, Howell D, et al. Studies on the comparative effectiveness of X-rays, gamma rays and electron beams to inactivate microorganisms at different dose rates in industrial sterilization of medical devices. Radiat Phys Chem, 2023, 208: 110915.
21. 金兴华, 祝敬信, 丰俊东, 等. 电磁辐射的微生物效应与疾病. 微生物学报, 2024, 64(8): 2610-2622.
22. Mukherjee A, Ahn YH. Natural biocide-assisted ultrasonic disinfection of wastewater effluent following a response surface methodology approach. Biochem Eng J, 2024, 212: 109517.
23. 吕瑞玲, 丁甜, 周建伟, 等. 超声波及其联合技术灭活细菌芽孢的研究进展. 食品科学, 2022, 43(1): 278-284.
24. 柴真真, 王静, 聂珍贵. 化学消毒剂及其消毒效果评价的发展和应用. 质量安全与检验检测, 2023, 33(3): 81-84.
25. 李湲湲. 二氧化氯控释瓦楞纸箱和微胶囊的制备及其在水果保鲜中的应用. 重庆: 西南大学, 2020.
26. 陶丽欢, 刘元义, 毕玉亮, 等. 基于臭氧杀菌技术的旋耕式土壤消毒机设计与试验. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(4): 244-249, 265.
27. Laroussi M, Bekeschus S, Keidar M, et al. Low-temperature plasma for biology, hygiene, and medicine: perspective and roadmap. IEEE Trans Radiat Plasma Med Sci, 2021, 6(2): 127-157.
28. Northage N, Shvalya V, Modic M, et al. Evaluation of plasma activated liquids for the elimination of mixed species biofilms within endoscopic working channels. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1): 28593.
29. 郭莉, 赵鹏瑜, 黄玲玲, 等. 等离子体活化水用于微生物消杀的意义和现状. 高电压技术, 2024, 50(7): 2955-2971.
30. Sobhy NM, Muñoz AQ, Youssef CRB, et al. Inactivation of three subtypes of influenza A virus by a commercial device using ultraviolet light and ozone. Avian Dis, 2024, 67(4): 305-309.
31. Liu X, Pan Y, Yao Y, et al. Accelerated pollutant degradation by UV/H₂O₂ at the air-water interface of microdroplets. Environ Sci Technol, 2025, 59(10): 5406-5414.
32. Guo Z, Tang X, Wang W, et al. The photo-based treatment technology simultaneously removes resistant bacteria and resistant genes from wastewater. J Environ Sci (China), 2025, 148: 243-262.
33. 钟昱文, 王冰姝, 冯耀忠, 等. 空气净化消毒器消毒效果的临床试验研究. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2014, 24(11): 2849-2851.
34. Ran J, Duan H, Srinivasakannan C, et al. Effective removal of organics from Bayer liquor through combined sonolysis and ozonation: kinetics and mechanism. Ultrason Sonochem, 2022, 88: 106106.
35. 李银汇. 高频超声波联合次氯酸钠杀菌机理及应用研究. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2022.
36. 王磊, 陈晓华. 噬菌体与化学消毒剂协同杀菌效应分析. 中国消毒学杂志, 2021, 38(3): 201-205.

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