Thoughts on prevention and management strategies for surgical site infection_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

GUO Yijun , YANG Xuying , RAO Youhua ,  LI Lianhong

Department of Infection Management, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P. R China;

Corresponding author：

LI Lianhong, Email: lianhong_li@163.com

Keywords：

Surgical site infection; prevention; hospital infection management; strategy

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202412209

Video：

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Surgical site infection (SSI) is a common hospital acquired infection that can increase medical burden and affect patient prognosis. Its occurrence involves multiple factors such as the patient’s basic condition and perioperative management quality. Although there is a basic consensus on SSI prevention in domestic and foreign guidelines, there are still differences between the recommendations in the guidelines and infection prevention and control management. To further promote the implementation of the guidelines, this article reviews the key preventive measures for SSI in domestic and foreign guidelines from preoperative skin preparation, intraoperative standardized operation, and postoperative incision management, and explores in depth the management strategies of SSI, in order to provide a reference for building a full process infection prevention and control system for SSI.

Citation： GUO Yijun, YANG Xuying, RAO Youhua, LI Lianhong. Thoughts on prevention and management strategies for surgical site infection. West China Medical Journal, 2025, 40(3): 447-453. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202412209 Copy

1.	中华人民共和国卫生部. 医院感染诊断标准(试行). 中华医学杂志, 2001, 81(5): 314-320.
2.	Seidelman JL, Mantyh CR, Anderson DJ. Surgical site infection prevention: a review. JAMA, 2023, 329(3): 244-252.
3.	Ching P. Care bundles in surgical site infection prevention: a narrative review. Curr Infect Dis Rep, 2024, 26(6): 163-172.
4.	Badia JM, Casey AL, Petrosillo N, et al. Impact of surgical site infection on healthcare costs and patient outcomes: a systematic review in six European countries. J Hosp Infect, 2017, 96(1): 1-15.
5.	Avsar P, Patton D, Ousey K, et al. The impact of surgical site infection on health-related quality of life: a systematic review. Wound Manag Prev, 2021, 67(6): 10-19.
6.	Wang Q, Cao M, Tao H, et al. Evidence-based guideline for the prevention and management of perioperative infection. J Evid Based Med, 2023, 16(1): 50-67.
7.	Calderwood MS, Anderson DJ, Bratzler DW, et al. Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2023, 44(5): 695-720.
8.	National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Surgical site infections: prevention and treatment. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2020: 1-27.
9.	中华医学会外科学分会外科感染与重症医学学组, 中国医师协会外科医师分会肠瘘外科医师专业委员会. 中国手术部位感染预防指南. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2019, 22(4): 301-314.
10.	Ling ML, Apisarnthanarak A, Abbas A, et al. APSIC guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infections. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2019, 8: 174.
11.	World Health Organization. Global guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infection. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2018: 1-184.
12.	Berríos-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW, et al. Centers for disease control and prevention guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection, 2017. JAMA Surg, 2017, 152(8): 784-791.
13.	卫生部办公厅. 卫生部办公厅关于印发《外科手术部位感染预防与控制技术指南(试行)》等三个技术文件的通知. 北京: 卫生部办公厅, 2010.
14.	Harikumar V, Anvery N, Haq M, et al. Risk factors for hospital-based surgical site infections. Arch Dermatol Res, 2023, 316(1): 43.
15.	Bone M, Latimer S, Walker RM, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infections following hepatobiliary surgery: an umbrella review and meta-analyses. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2025, 51(1): 109468.
16.	Ranson WA, White SJW, Cheung ZB, et al. The effects of chronic preoperative steroid therapy on perioperative complications following elective posterior lumbar fusion. Global Spine J, 2018, 8(8): 834-841.
17.	Qi H, Duan W, Jia R, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infection after patellar fracture surgery in the elderly. J Orthop Surg Res, 2024, 19(1): 830.
18.	Sun D, Ma Z, Geng Y, et al. A meta-analysis of the risk factors for neurosurgical surgical site infection following craniotomy. Int Wound J, 2024, 21(4): e14542.
19.	Chen Y, Guo H, Gao T, et al. A meta-analysis of the risk factors for surgical site infection in patients with colorectal cancer. Int Wound J, 2023, 21(2): e14459.
20.	Xue DQ, Qian C, Yang L, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infections after breast surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2012, 38(5): 375-381.
21.	Miwa S, Shirai T, Yamamoto N, et al. Risk factors for postoperative deep infection in bone tumors. PLoS One, 2017, 12(11): e0187438.
22.	Institute for Healthcare Improvement. How-to guide: prevent surgical site infection for hip and knee arthroplasty. Cambridge: Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2012: 1-28.
23.	Jalalzadeh H, Groenen H, Buis DR, et al. Efficacy of different preoperative skin antiseptics on the incidence of surgical site infections: a systematic review, GRADE assessment, and network meta-analysis. Lancet Microbe, 2022, 3(10): e762-e771.
24.	国家卫生计生委办公厅. 关于印发抗菌药物临床应用指导原则(2015 年版)的通知. 中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会公报, 2015(7): 29.
25.	de Jonge SW, Boldingh QJJ, Koch AH, et al. Timing of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis and surgical site infection: TAPAS, an observational cohort study. Ann Surg, 2021, 274(4): e308-e314.
26.	de Jonge SW, Gans SL, Atema JJ, et al. Timing of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in 54, 552 patients and the risk of surgical site infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(29): e6903.
27.	陈莉明, 陈伟, 陈燕燕, 等. 成人围手术期血糖监测专家共识. 中国糖尿病杂志, 2021, 29(2): 81-85.
28.	国家麻醉专业质量控制中心. 围术期患者低体温防治专家共识(2023 版). 协和医学杂志, 2023, 14(4): 734-743.
29.	Norman G, Goh EL, Dumville JC, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy for surgical wounds healing by primary closure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2020, 6(6): CD009261.
30.	Akhter AS, McGahan BG, Close L, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy in spinal fusion patients. Int Wound J, 2021, 18(2): 158-163.
31.	Bischoff P, Kubilay NZ, Allegranzi B, et al. Effect of laminar airflow ventilation on surgical site infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 2017, 17(5): 553-561.
32.	Gaines S, Luo JN, Gilbert J, et al. Optimum operating room environment for the prevention of surgical site infections. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2017, 18(4): 503-507.
33.	de Jonge SW, Boldingh QJJ, Solomkin JS, et al. Effect of postoperative continuation of antibiotic prophylaxis on the incidence of surgical site infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 2020, 20(10): 1182-1192.
34.	Velozo BC, Garcia de Avila MA, Torres EA, et al. Evaluating antibiotic prophylaxis adherence: implications for surgical site infections and wound care management. J Tissue Viability, 2024, 33(3): 412-417.
35.	Drinkwater CJ, Neil MJ. Optimal timing of wound drain removal following total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 1995, 10(2): 185-189.
36.	Saleh K, Olson M, Resig S, et al. Predictors of wound infection in hip and knee joint replacement: results from a 20 year surveillance program. J Orthop Res, 2002, 20(3): 506-515.
37.	Strahovnik A, Fokter SK, Kotnik M. Comparison of drainage techniques on prolonged serous drainage after total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2010, 25(2): 244-248.
38.	Zamora-Navas P, Collado-Torres F, de la Torre-Solís F. Closed suction drainage after knee arthroplasty. A prospective study of the effectiveness of the operation and of bacterial contamination. Acta Orthop Belg, 1999, 65(1): 44-47.
39.	Shi H, Huang ZH, Huang Y, et al. Which criterion for wound drain removal is better following posterior 1-level or 2-level lumbar fusion with instrumentation: time driven or output driven?. Global Spine J, 2023, 13(4): 1017-1023.
40.	Rehman HU, Iqbal A, Ahmad I, et al. Exploring the impact of risk factors, preventive measures, and management strategies on surgical site infections in general surgery: a comprehensive assessment. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad, 2024, 36(2): 364-368.
41.	Delaplain PT, Santos J, Barie PS, et al. Self-reported diagnosis and management of surgical site infection highlights lack of objective measures and treatment guidance. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2023, 24(7): 598-605.
42.	王力红. 以评促建持续提升医院感染防控核心竞争力. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2023, 33(10): 1441-1443.
43.	Sganga G, Baguneid M, Dohmen P, et al. Management of superficial and deep surgical site infection: an international multidisciplinary consensus. Updates Surg, 2021, 73(4): 1315-1325.
44.	Ryu M, Yoo H, Choi YK. National hospital quality measures for surgical site infections in South Korea: a survey among 20 expert physicians. Patient Saf Surg, 2020, 14: 29.
45.	Hassan S, Chan V, Stevens J, et al. Factors that influence adherence to surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) guidelines: a systematic review. Syst Rev, 2021, 10(1): 29.
46.	Kaier K, Wolkewitz M, Hehn P, et al. The impact of hospital-acquired infections on the patient-level reimbursement-cost relationship in a DRG-based hospital payment system. Int J Health Econ Manag, 2020, 20(1): 1-11.
47.	王楠, 陈斌, 杜金阁, 等. 医院外科医生手术部位医院感染知识知晓情况调查. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2019, 29(15): 2392-2396.
48.	Tomsic I, Ebadi E, Gossé F, et al. Determinants of orthopedic physicians’ self-reported compliance with surgical site infection prevention: results of the WACH-trial’s pilot survey on COM-B factors in a German university hospital. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2021, 10(1): 67.
49.	Nettelrodt KME, Tomsic I, Stolz M, et al. Psychometric properties of scales assessing psychosocial determinants of staff compliance with surgical site infection prevention: the WACH-study. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 2024, 17: 2757-2767.
50.	程文琴, 樊丽洁, 于晓寒, 等. 医院感染管理现状态势分析及管理策略研究进展. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2024, 34(23): 3656-3661.
51.	Kang M, Andrew ME, Farishta A, et al. Best practices and a business case for surgical site infection prevention. AORN J, 2023, 117(5): 277-290.
52.	Hançer AT, Yilmaz M. The effect of a checklist for perioperative hyperglycemia management on surgical site infections: a randomized controlled trial. J Perianesth Nurs, 2023, 38(1): 108-117.
53.	Khan MNA, Verstegen DML, Shahid A, et al. The impact of interprofessional task-based training on the prevention of surgical site infection in a low-income country. BMC Med Educ, 2021, 21(1): 607.
54.	Martinez-Sobalvarro JV, Júnior AAP, Pereira LB, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis and surgical site infections: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pharm, 2022, 44(2): 301-319.
55.	Awad F, Searle D, Walmsley K, et al. The exeter knee infection multi disciplinary team approach to managing prosthetic knee infections: a qualitative analysis. J Orthop, 2019, 18: 86-90.
56.	Cousin AS, Bouletreau P, Giai J, et al. Severity and long-term complications of surgical site infections after orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 12015.
57.	陆春红, 陈珠, 马云霄, 等. 感控专职小组对妇产科患者手术部位感染的影响. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2017, 27(19): 4545-4548.
58.	World Health Organization. Core competencies for infection prevention and control professionals. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2020: 1-69.
59.	黄慧敏, 穆小苏, 李亚楠, 等. 防范公共卫生风险的医院感染防控行为及其影响因素——基于扎根理论的探索性分析. 中国医院管理, 2019, 39(5): 39-41.
60.	Billings C, Bernard H, Caffery L, et al. Advancing the profession: an updated future-oriented competency model for professional development in infection prevention and control. Am J Infect Control, 2019, 47(6): 602-614.
61.	Petrosyan Y, Thavorn K, Smith G, et al. Predicting postoperative surgical site infection with administrative data: a random forests algorithm. BMC Med Res Methodol, 2021, 21(1): 179.
62.	Wang H, Fan T, Yang B, et al. Development and internal validation of supervised machine learning algorithms for predicting the risk of surgical site infection following minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Front Med (Lausanne), 2021, 8: 771608.
63.	McLean KA, Knight SR, Clark N, et al. Development and external validation of the ‘Global Surgical-Site Infection’ (GloSSI) predictive model in adult patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Br J Surg, 2024, 111(6): 1-22.

1. 中华人民共和国卫生部. 医院感染诊断标准(试行). 中华医学杂志, 2001, 81(5): 314-320.
2. Seidelman JL, Mantyh CR, Anderson DJ. Surgical site infection prevention: a review. JAMA, 2023, 329(3): 244-252.
3. Ching P. Care bundles in surgical site infection prevention: a narrative review. Curr Infect Dis Rep, 2024, 26(6): 163-172.
4. Badia JM, Casey AL, Petrosillo N, et al. Impact of surgical site infection on healthcare costs and patient outcomes: a systematic review in six European countries. J Hosp Infect, 2017, 96(1): 1-15.
5. Avsar P, Patton D, Ousey K, et al. The impact of surgical site infection on health-related quality of life: a systematic review. Wound Manag Prev, 2021, 67(6): 10-19.
6. Wang Q, Cao M, Tao H, et al. Evidence-based guideline for the prevention and management of perioperative infection. J Evid Based Med, 2023, 16(1): 50-67.
7. Calderwood MS, Anderson DJ, Bratzler DW, et al. Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2023, 44(5): 695-720.
8. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Surgical site infections: prevention and treatment. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2020: 1-27.
9. 中华医学会外科学分会外科感染与重症医学学组, 中国医师协会外科医师分会肠瘘外科医师专业委员会. 中国手术部位感染预防指南. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2019, 22(4): 301-314.
10. Ling ML, Apisarnthanarak A, Abbas A, et al. APSIC guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infections. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2019, 8: 174.
11. World Health Organization. Global guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infection. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2018: 1-184.
12. Berríos-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW, et al. Centers for disease control and prevention guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection, 2017. JAMA Surg, 2017, 152(8): 784-791.
13. 卫生部办公厅. 卫生部办公厅关于印发《外科手术部位感染预防与控制技术指南(试行)》等三个技术文件的通知. 北京: 卫生部办公厅, 2010.
14. Harikumar V, Anvery N, Haq M, et al. Risk factors for hospital-based surgical site infections. Arch Dermatol Res, 2023, 316(1): 43.
15. Bone M, Latimer S, Walker RM, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infections following hepatobiliary surgery: an umbrella review and meta-analyses. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2025, 51(1): 109468.
16. Ranson WA, White SJW, Cheung ZB, et al. The effects of chronic preoperative steroid therapy on perioperative complications following elective posterior lumbar fusion. Global Spine J, 2018, 8(8): 834-841.
17. Qi H, Duan W, Jia R, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infection after patellar fracture surgery in the elderly. J Orthop Surg Res, 2024, 19(1): 830.
18. Sun D, Ma Z, Geng Y, et al. A meta-analysis of the risk factors for neurosurgical surgical site infection following craniotomy. Int Wound J, 2024, 21(4): e14542.
19. Chen Y, Guo H, Gao T, et al. A meta-analysis of the risk factors for surgical site infection in patients with colorectal cancer. Int Wound J, 2023, 21(2): e14459.
20. Xue DQ, Qian C, Yang L, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infections after breast surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2012, 38(5): 375-381.
21. Miwa S, Shirai T, Yamamoto N, et al. Risk factors for postoperative deep infection in bone tumors. PLoS One, 2017, 12(11): e0187438.
22. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. How-to guide: prevent surgical site infection for hip and knee arthroplasty. Cambridge: Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2012: 1-28.
23. Jalalzadeh H, Groenen H, Buis DR, et al. Efficacy of different preoperative skin antiseptics on the incidence of surgical site infections: a systematic review, GRADE assessment, and network meta-analysis. Lancet Microbe, 2022, 3(10): e762-e771.
24. 国家卫生计生委办公厅. 关于印发抗菌药物临床应用指导原则(2015 年版)的通知. 中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会公报, 2015(7): 29.
25. de Jonge SW, Boldingh QJJ, Koch AH, et al. Timing of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis and surgical site infection: TAPAS, an observational cohort study. Ann Surg, 2021, 274(4): e308-e314.
26. de Jonge SW, Gans SL, Atema JJ, et al. Timing of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in 54, 552 patients and the risk of surgical site infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(29): e6903.
27. 陈莉明, 陈伟, 陈燕燕, 等. 成人围手术期血糖监测专家共识. 中国糖尿病杂志, 2021, 29(2): 81-85.
28. 国家麻醉专业质量控制中心. 围术期患者低体温防治专家共识(2023 版). 协和医学杂志, 2023, 14(4): 734-743.
29. Norman G, Goh EL, Dumville JC, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy for surgical wounds healing by primary closure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2020, 6(6): CD009261.
30. Akhter AS, McGahan BG, Close L, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy in spinal fusion patients. Int Wound J, 2021, 18(2): 158-163.
31. Bischoff P, Kubilay NZ, Allegranzi B, et al. Effect of laminar airflow ventilation on surgical site infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 2017, 17(5): 553-561.
32. Gaines S, Luo JN, Gilbert J, et al. Optimum operating room environment for the prevention of surgical site infections. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2017, 18(4): 503-507.
33. de Jonge SW, Boldingh QJJ, Solomkin JS, et al. Effect of postoperative continuation of antibiotic prophylaxis on the incidence of surgical site infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 2020, 20(10): 1182-1192.
34. Velozo BC, Garcia de Avila MA, Torres EA, et al. Evaluating antibiotic prophylaxis adherence: implications for surgical site infections and wound care management. J Tissue Viability, 2024, 33(3): 412-417.
35. Drinkwater CJ, Neil MJ. Optimal timing of wound drain removal following total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 1995, 10(2): 185-189.
36. Saleh K, Olson M, Resig S, et al. Predictors of wound infection in hip and knee joint replacement: results from a 20 year surveillance program. J Orthop Res, 2002, 20(3): 506-515.
37. Strahovnik A, Fokter SK, Kotnik M. Comparison of drainage techniques on prolonged serous drainage after total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2010, 25(2): 244-248.
38. Zamora-Navas P, Collado-Torres F, de la Torre-Solís F. Closed suction drainage after knee arthroplasty. A prospective study of the effectiveness of the operation and of bacterial contamination. Acta Orthop Belg, 1999, 65(1): 44-47.
39. Shi H, Huang ZH, Huang Y, et al. Which criterion for wound drain removal is better following posterior 1-level or 2-level lumbar fusion with instrumentation: time driven or output driven?. Global Spine J, 2023, 13(4): 1017-1023.
40. Rehman HU, Iqbal A, Ahmad I, et al. Exploring the impact of risk factors, preventive measures, and management strategies on surgical site infections in general surgery: a comprehensive assessment. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad, 2024, 36(2): 364-368.
41. Delaplain PT, Santos J, Barie PS, et al. Self-reported diagnosis and management of surgical site infection highlights lack of objective measures and treatment guidance. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2023, 24(7): 598-605.
42. 王力红. 以评促建持续提升医院感染防控核心竞争力. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2023, 33(10): 1441-1443.
43. Sganga G, Baguneid M, Dohmen P, et al. Management of superficial and deep surgical site infection: an international multidisciplinary consensus. Updates Surg, 2021, 73(4): 1315-1325.
44. Ryu M, Yoo H, Choi YK. National hospital quality measures for surgical site infections in South Korea: a survey among 20 expert physicians. Patient Saf Surg, 2020, 14: 29.
45. Hassan S, Chan V, Stevens J, et al. Factors that influence adherence to surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) guidelines: a systematic review. Syst Rev, 2021, 10(1): 29.
46. Kaier K, Wolkewitz M, Hehn P, et al. The impact of hospital-acquired infections on the patient-level reimbursement-cost relationship in a DRG-based hospital payment system. Int J Health Econ Manag, 2020, 20(1): 1-11.
47. 王楠, 陈斌, 杜金阁, 等. 医院外科医生手术部位医院感染知识知晓情况调查. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2019, 29(15): 2392-2396.
48. Tomsic I, Ebadi E, Gossé F, et al. Determinants of orthopedic physicians’ self-reported compliance with surgical site infection prevention: results of the WACH-trial’s pilot survey on COM-B factors in a German university hospital. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2021, 10(1): 67.
49. Nettelrodt KME, Tomsic I, Stolz M, et al. Psychometric properties of scales assessing psychosocial determinants of staff compliance with surgical site infection prevention: the WACH-study. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 2024, 17: 2757-2767.
50. 程文琴, 樊丽洁, 于晓寒, 等. 医院感染管理现状态势分析及管理策略研究进展. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2024, 34(23): 3656-3661.
51. Kang M, Andrew ME, Farishta A, et al. Best practices and a business case for surgical site infection prevention. AORN J, 2023, 117(5): 277-290.
52. Hançer AT, Yilmaz M. The effect of a checklist for perioperative hyperglycemia management on surgical site infections: a randomized controlled trial. J Perianesth Nurs, 2023, 38(1): 108-117.
53. Khan MNA, Verstegen DML, Shahid A, et al. The impact of interprofessional task-based training on the prevention of surgical site infection in a low-income country. BMC Med Educ, 2021, 21(1): 607.
54. Martinez-Sobalvarro JV, Júnior AAP, Pereira LB, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis and surgical site infections: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pharm, 2022, 44(2): 301-319.
55. Awad F, Searle D, Walmsley K, et al. The exeter knee infection multi disciplinary team approach to managing prosthetic knee infections: a qualitative analysis. J Orthop, 2019, 18: 86-90.
56. Cousin AS, Bouletreau P, Giai J, et al. Severity and long-term complications of surgical site infections after orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 12015.
57. 陆春红, 陈珠, 马云霄, 等. 感控专职小组对妇产科患者手术部位感染的影响. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2017, 27(19): 4545-4548.
58. World Health Organization. Core competencies for infection prevention and control professionals. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2020: 1-69.
59. 黄慧敏, 穆小苏, 李亚楠, 等. 防范公共卫生风险的医院感染防控行为及其影响因素——基于扎根理论的探索性分析. 中国医院管理, 2019, 39(5): 39-41.
60. Billings C, Bernard H, Caffery L, et al. Advancing the profession: an updated future-oriented competency model for professional development in infection prevention and control. Am J Infect Control, 2019, 47(6): 602-614.
61. Petrosyan Y, Thavorn K, Smith G, et al. Predicting postoperative surgical site infection with administrative data: a random forests algorithm. BMC Med Res Methodol, 2021, 21(1): 179.
62. Wang H, Fan T, Yang B, et al. Development and internal validation of supervised machine learning algorithms for predicting the risk of surgical site infection following minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Front Med (Lausanne), 2021, 8: 771608.
63. McLean KA, Knight SR, Clark N, et al. Development and external validation of the ‘Global Surgical-Site Infection’ (GloSSI) predictive model in adult patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Br J Surg, 2024, 111(6): 1-22.

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Thoughts on prevention and management strategies for surgical site infection

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