Perioperative management of direct-to-implant-based breast reconstruction in breast cancer patients and West China Hospital experiences_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

FENG Yu ¹ , ZHANG Donglin ² , LIANG Faqing ^1,3 ,  LUO Guilin ² ,  DU Zhenggui ^1,3

1. Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China;
2. Department of General Surgery, the Fourth People’s Hospital of Sichuan Province (West China Chun Xi Hospital), Chengdu Sichuan, 610016, P. R. China;
3. Breast Disease Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

LUO Guilin, Email: 289433046@qq.com; DU Zhenggui, Email: docduzg@163.com

Keywords：

Breast cancer; direct-to-implant-based breast reconstruction; perioperative management

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202505006

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To optimize the perioperative management experiences for breast cancer patients undergoing direct-to-implant-based breast reconstruction, and provide reference for clinical practice. Methods A comprehensive review of recent domestic and international literature was conducted to systematically summarize the key points of perioperative management for direct-to-implant-based breast reconstruction, including preoperative health education, intraoperative strategies, and postoperative management measures, along with an introduction to the clinical experiences of West China Hospital of Sichuan University. Results Standardized perioperative management can effectively reduce the incidence of complications and achieve excellent cosmetic outcomes and quality of life after operation. Pre-operative management includes proactive health education to alleviate patients’ anxiety and improve treatment compliance, as well as comprehensive assessment by surgeons of the patient’s physical condition and reconstructive expectations to select the most appropriate implant. Intra-operative management consists of strict aseptic technique, minimizing implant exposure, preserving blood supply to the nipple-areola complex (e.g., by using minimally invasive techniques and indocyanine green angiography), and meticulous hemostasis. Post-operative management encompasses multimodal analgesia, individualized drain management (such as early removal or retaining a small amount of fluid to optimize contour), infection prevention and control (including topical and systemic antibiotics, ultrasound-guided minimally invasive drainage), guidance on rehabilitation exercises (early activity restriction followed by gradual recovery), and regular follow-up to evaluate aesthetic results and monitor for complications. Conclusion Establishing a standardized, multidisciplinary perioperative management framework markedly enhances surgical safety and patient satisfaction, thereby providing a replicable benchmark for direct-to-implant-based breast reconstruction across diverse clinical settings.

1.	刘威. 乳腺癌手术患者护理中应用心理干预的价值分析//四川省国际医学交流促进会. 医学护理创新学术交流会论文集 (创新医学篇). 2024. doi: 10.26914/c.cnkihy.2024.045542.
2.	梁结弟, 刘春燕, 张丽萍. 基于人文关怀的临床路径护理对乳腺癌手术治疗患者的影响分析. 心理月刊, 2024, 19(12): 178-180.
3.	张庆兰, 白华羽, 陈丽茹, 等. 围手术期健康教育结合心理干预对行乳腺癌手术患者心理健康和预后质量的影响. 中西医结合护理 (中英文), 2023, 9(11): 93-95.
4.	倪佳乐, 张锦, 高子辰. 基于焦点解决模式的心理护理措施对乳腺癌手术患者的影响. 心理月刊, 2023, 18(11): 161-163.
5.	Dave RV, Vucicevic A, Barrett E, et al. Risk factors for complications and implant loss after prepectoral implant-based immediate breast reconstruction: medium-term outcomes in a prospective cohort. Br J Surg, 2021, 108(5): 534-541.
6.	Ochoa O, Chrysopoulo MT. Preoperative assessment of the breast reconstruction patient. Clin Plast Surg, 2023, 50(2): 201-210.
7.	郭宝良, 陈波, 张国强, 等. 中国乳腺癌术后即刻假体乳房重建手术临床实践指南(2023版). 中国实用外科杂志, 2023, 43(12): 1321-1327.
8.	Moo TA, Nelson JA, Sevilimedu V, et al. Strategies to avoid mastectomy skin-flap necrosis during nipple-sparing mastectomy. Br J Surg, 2023, 110(7): 831-838.
9.	Xie Y, Hu X, Du Z, et al. Minimally invasive and innovative management of prosthesis infections in endoscopic-assisted breast reconstruction. Aesthetic Plast Surg, 2024, 48(3): 266-272.
10.	Potter S, Conroy EJ, Cutress RI, et al. Short-term safety outcomes of mastectomy and immediate implant-based breast reconstruction with and without mesh (iBRA): a multicentre, prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol, 2019, 20(2): 254-266.
11.	Harvey KL, Sinai P, Mills N, et al. Short-term safety outcomes of mastectomy and immediate prepectoral implant-based breast reconstruction: Pre-BRA prospective multicentre cohort study. Br J Surg, 2022, 109(6): 530-538.
12.	Masià J. The largest multicentre data collection on prepectoral breast reconstruction: The iBAG study. J Surg Oncol, 2020, 122(5): 848-860.
13.	Yang H, Liang F, Xie Y, et al. Single axillary incision reverse-order endoscopic nipple/skin-sparing mastectomy followed by subpectoral implant-based breast reconstruction: Technique, clinical outcomes, and aesthetic results from 88 preliminary procedures. Surgery, 2023, 174(3): 464-472.
14.	Powers JM, Reuter Muñoz KD, Parkerson J, et al. From salvage to prevention: A single-surgeon experience with acellular dermal matrix and infection in prepectoral breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2021, 148(6): 1201-1208.
15.	Miller JE, Raman S, Chishom TA, et al. Stopping traffic: An analysis of number of scrubbed personnel and infection in implant-based breast reconstruction. Aesthet Surg J, 2023, 43(10): 1139-1147.
16.	Sarfati B, Struk S, Leymarie N, et al. Robotic prophylactic nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate prosthetic breast reconstruction: A prospective study. Ann Surg Oncol, 2018, 25(9): 2579-2586.
17.	Urban C, González E, Fornazari A, et al. Prepectoral direct-to-implant breast reconstruction without placement of acellular dermal matrix or mesh after nipple-sparing mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2022, 150(5): 973-983.
18.	屈翔, 王子函, 谢芳, 等. 吲哚菁绿荧光显影在乳房重建术中植入物选择的应用. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2022, 29(11): 1421-1426.
19.	Alderman A, Gutowski K, Ahuja A, et al. ASPS clinical practice guideline summary on breast reconstruction with expanders and implants. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2014, 134(4): 648e-655e.
20.	Burkhardt BR, Eades E. The effect of Biocell texturing and povidone-iodine irrigation on capsular contracture around saline-inflatable breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1995, 96(6): 1317-1325.
21.	Adams WP, Rios JL, Smith SJ. Enhancing patient outcomes in aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery using triple antibiotic breast irrigation: six-year prospective clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2006, 118(7 Suppl): 46S-52S.
22.	Adams WP. Commentary on: Surgical site irrigation in plastic surgery: what is essential? Aesthet Surg J, 2018, 38(3): 276-278.
23.	Lai HW, Chen ST, Tai CM, et al. Robotic- versus endoscopic-assisted nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate prosthesis breast reconstruction in the management of breast cancer: A case-control comparison study with analysis of clinical outcomes, learning curve, patient-reported aesthetic results, and medical cost. Ann Surg Oncol, 2020, 27(7): 2255-2268.
24.	Houvenaeghel G, Cohen M, Dammacco MA, et al. Prophylactic nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction: results of a French prospective trial. Br J Surg, 2021, 108(3): 296-301.
25.	Komorowski AL, Zanini V, Regolo L, et al. Necrotic complications after nipple- and areola-sparing mastectomy. World J Surg, 2006, 30(8): 1410-1413.
26.	Daar DA, Abdou SA, Rosario L, et al. Is there a preferred incision location for nipple-sparing mastectomy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2019, 143(5): 906e-919e.
27.	Tevlin R, Griffin M, Karin M, et al. Impact of incision placement on ischemic complications in microsurgical breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2022, 149(2): 316-322.
28.	李娟, 唐庆, 冯玉, 等. 双侧乳房切除术后即刻植入物乳房重建: 腔镜与传统开放手术的比较. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2023, 30(1): 32-38.
29.	Lee HY, Chang YW, Yu DY, et al. Comparison of single incision endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy and conventional nipple-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer based on initial experience. J Breast Cancer, 2021, 24(2): 196-205.
30.	Park HS, Lee J, Lai HW, et al. Surgical and oncologic outcomes of robotic and conventional nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate reconstruction: International multicenter pooled data analysis. Ann Surg Oncol, 2022, 29(11): 6646-6657.
31.	Lai HW, Chen ST, Mok CW, et al. Robotic versus conventional nipple sparing mastectomy and immediate gel implant breast reconstruction in the management of breast cancer-A case control comparison study with analysis of clinical outcome, medical cost, and patient-reported cosmetic results. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2020, 73(8): 1514-1525.
32.	Wang ZH, Gao GX, Liu WH, et al. Single-port nipple-sparing subcutaneous mastectomy with immediate prosthetic breast reconstruction for breast cancer. Surg Endosc, 2023, 37(5): 3842-3851.
33.	Harless CA, Jacobson SR. Tailoring through technology: A retrospective review of a single surgeon’s experience with implant-based breast reconstruction before and after implementation of laser-assisted indocyanine green angiography. Breast J, 2016, 22(3): 274-281.
34.	Frey JD, Salibian AA, Choi M, et al. Mastectomy flap thickness and complications in nipple-sparing mastectomy: objective evaluation using magnetic resonance imaging. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open, 2017, 5(8): e1439. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000001439.
35.	Singer R, Lewis CM, Franklin JD, et al. Fluorescein test for prediction of flap viability during breast reconstructions. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1978, 61(3): 371-375.
36.	Astanehe A, Temple-Oberle C, Nielsen M, et al. An enhanced recovery after surgery pathway for microvascular breast reconstruction is safe and effective. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open, 2018, 6(1): e1634. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000001634.
37.	Dumestre DO, Webb CE, Temple-Oberle C. Improved recovery experience achieved for women undergoing implant-based breast reconstruction using an enhanced recovery after surgery model. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2017, 139(3): 550-559.
38.	Turin SY, Li DD, Vaca EE, et al. Nitroglycerin ointment for reducing the rate of mastectomy flap necrosis in immediate implant-based breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2018, 142(3): 264e-270e.
39.	Jimenez RB, Packowski K, Horick N, et al. The timing of acute and late complications following mastectomy and implant-based reconstruction. Ann Surg, 2023, 278(1): e203-e208.
40.	张晴, 谢妍妍, 梁法清, 等. 腔镜和机器人手术在乳腺疾病治疗中的前世今生. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2024, 38(7): 769-775.
41.	Dai H, Cao XM, Wu H, et al. Reverse-sequence endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy with direct-to-implant breast reconstruction and air inflation adjustment technique in patients with large or severely ptotic breast: a single-center prospective cohort study. The Lancet Regional Health-Western Pacific, 2025, 55S1: 101432. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2024.101432.
42.	Ho WS, Ying SY, Chan AC. Endoscopic-assisted subcutaneous mastectomy and axillary dissection with immediate mammary prosthesis reconstruction for early breast cancer. Surg Endosc, 2002, 16(2): 302-306.
43.	Du J, Liang Q, Qi X, et al. Endoscopic nipple sparing mastectomy with immediate implant-based reconstruction versus breast conserving surgery: a long-term study. Sci Rep, 2017, 7: 45636. doi: 10.1038/srep45636.
44.	Zhou J, Liu X, Feng Y, et al. Breakthrough in breast reconstruction in the context of COVID-19: safety and efficiency of endoscopic breast reconstruction at a day surgery center. Gland Surg, 2021, 10(8): 2477-2489.
45.	刘馨然, 谢妍妍, 梁法清, 等. 腋窝入路腔镜下乳腺癌根治假体结合补片在一期乳房重建中的应用. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2021, 35(9): 1212-1214.
46.	Cohen JB, Carroll C, Tenenbaum MM, et al. Breast implant-associated infections: the role of the national surgical quality improvement program and the local microbiome. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2015, 136(5): 921-929.
47.	Rocco N, Catanuto G. More evidence for implant-based breast reconstruction. Lancet Oncol, 2019, 20(2): 174-175.
48.	Phillips BT, Fourman MS, Bishawi M, et al. Are prophylactic postoperative antibiotics necessary for immediate breast reconstruction? Results of a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Surg, 2016, 222(6): 1116-1124.
49.	Gahm J, Ljung Konstantinidou A, Lagergren J, et al. Effectiveness of single vs multiple doses of prophylactic intravenous antibiotics in implant-based breast reconstruction: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open, 2022, 5(9): e2231583. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.31583.
50.	Haque S, Kanapathy M, Bollen E, et al. Patient-reported outcome and cost implication of acute salvage of infected implant-based breast reconstruction with negative pressure wound therapy with Instillation (NPWTi) compared to standard care. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2021, 74(12): 3300-3306.
51.	Takeuchi M, Kuwahara M, Ando J, et al. Successful salvage of an infected breast prothesis by changing from continuous to intermittent suction under continuous irrigation. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2021, 82: 105860. doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.105860.
52.	中国抗癌协会乳腺癌专业委员会, 中国医师协会外科医师分会乳腺外科医师委员会, 上海市抗癌协会乳腺癌专业委员会. 乳腺肿瘤整形与乳房重建专家共识(2022年版). 中国癌症杂志, 2022, 32(9): 836-924.
53.	Spear SL, Seruya M. Management of the infected or exposed breast prosthesis: A single surgeon’s 15-year experience with 69 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2010, 125(4): 1074-1084.
54.	Prince MD, Suber JS, Aya-Ay ML, et al. Prosthesis salvage in breast reconstruction patients with periprosthetic infection and exposure. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2012, 129(1): 42-48.
55.	Yii NW, Khoo CT. Salvage of infected expander prostheses in breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2003, 111(3): 1087-1092.
56.	彭翠娥, 李赞, 毛煌兴, 等. 线上线下康复干预对改善乳腺癌术后乳房重建者上肢功能和体像自评的效果. 中国护理管理, 2020, 20(11): 1637-1642.
57.	邵腊梅. 渐进性康复训练对乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿、肢体功能和疼痛的影响. 中国医药指南, 2024, 22(22): 144-146.
58.	Pusic AL, Klassen AF, Scott AM, et al. Development of a new patient-reported outcome measure for breast surgery: the BREAST-Q. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2009, 124(2): 345-353.
59.	Harris DL. Self-consciousness of disproportionate breast size: a primary psychological reaction to abnormal appearance. Br J Plast Surg, 1983, 36(2): 191-195.
60.	Ueda S, Tamaki Y, Yano K, et al. Cosmetic outcome and patient satisfaction after skin-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer with immediate reconstruction of the breast. Surgery, 2008, 143(3): 414-425.
61.	Spear SL, Baker JL Jr. Classification of capsular contracture after prosthetic breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1995, 96(5): 1119-1124.

1. 刘威. 乳腺癌手术患者护理中应用心理干预的价值分析//四川省国际医学交流促进会. 医学护理创新学术交流会论文集 (创新医学篇). 2024. doi: 10.26914/c.cnkihy.2024.045542.
2. 梁结弟, 刘春燕, 张丽萍. 基于人文关怀的临床路径护理对乳腺癌手术治疗患者的影响分析. 心理月刊, 2024, 19(12): 178-180.
3. 张庆兰, 白华羽, 陈丽茹, 等. 围手术期健康教育结合心理干预对行乳腺癌手术患者心理健康和预后质量的影响. 中西医结合护理 (中英文), 2023, 9(11): 93-95.
4. 倪佳乐, 张锦, 高子辰. 基于焦点解决模式的心理护理措施对乳腺癌手术患者的影响. 心理月刊, 2023, 18(11): 161-163.
5. Dave RV, Vucicevic A, Barrett E, et al. Risk factors for complications and implant loss after prepectoral implant-based immediate breast reconstruction: medium-term outcomes in a prospective cohort. Br J Surg, 2021, 108(5): 534-541.
6. Ochoa O, Chrysopoulo MT. Preoperative assessment of the breast reconstruction patient. Clin Plast Surg, 2023, 50(2): 201-210.
7. 郭宝良, 陈波, 张国强, 等. 中国乳腺癌术后即刻假体乳房重建手术临床实践指南(2023版). 中国实用外科杂志, 2023, 43(12): 1321-1327.
8. Moo TA, Nelson JA, Sevilimedu V, et al. Strategies to avoid mastectomy skin-flap necrosis during nipple-sparing mastectomy. Br J Surg, 2023, 110(7): 831-838.
9. Xie Y, Hu X, Du Z, et al. Minimally invasive and innovative management of prosthesis infections in endoscopic-assisted breast reconstruction. Aesthetic Plast Surg, 2024, 48(3): 266-272.
10. Potter S, Conroy EJ, Cutress RI, et al. Short-term safety outcomes of mastectomy and immediate implant-based breast reconstruction with and without mesh (iBRA): a multicentre, prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol, 2019, 20(2): 254-266.
11. Harvey KL, Sinai P, Mills N, et al. Short-term safety outcomes of mastectomy and immediate prepectoral implant-based breast reconstruction: Pre-BRA prospective multicentre cohort study. Br J Surg, 2022, 109(6): 530-538.
12. Masià J. The largest multicentre data collection on prepectoral breast reconstruction: The iBAG study. J Surg Oncol, 2020, 122(5): 848-860.
13. Yang H, Liang F, Xie Y, et al. Single axillary incision reverse-order endoscopic nipple/skin-sparing mastectomy followed by subpectoral implant-based breast reconstruction: Technique, clinical outcomes, and aesthetic results from 88 preliminary procedures. Surgery, 2023, 174(3): 464-472.
14. Powers JM, Reuter Muñoz KD, Parkerson J, et al. From salvage to prevention: A single-surgeon experience with acellular dermal matrix and infection in prepectoral breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2021, 148(6): 1201-1208.
15. Miller JE, Raman S, Chishom TA, et al. Stopping traffic: An analysis of number of scrubbed personnel and infection in implant-based breast reconstruction. Aesthet Surg J, 2023, 43(10): 1139-1147.
16. Sarfati B, Struk S, Leymarie N, et al. Robotic prophylactic nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate prosthetic breast reconstruction: A prospective study. Ann Surg Oncol, 2018, 25(9): 2579-2586.
17. Urban C, González E, Fornazari A, et al. Prepectoral direct-to-implant breast reconstruction without placement of acellular dermal matrix or mesh after nipple-sparing mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2022, 150(5): 973-983.
18. 屈翔, 王子函, 谢芳, 等. 吲哚菁绿荧光显影在乳房重建术中植入物选择的应用. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2022, 29(11): 1421-1426.
19. Alderman A, Gutowski K, Ahuja A, et al. ASPS clinical practice guideline summary on breast reconstruction with expanders and implants. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2014, 134(4): 648e-655e.
20. Burkhardt BR, Eades E. The effect of Biocell texturing and povidone-iodine irrigation on capsular contracture around saline-inflatable breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1995, 96(6): 1317-1325.
21. Adams WP, Rios JL, Smith SJ. Enhancing patient outcomes in aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery using triple antibiotic breast irrigation: six-year prospective clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2006, 118(7 Suppl): 46S-52S.
22. Adams WP. Commentary on: Surgical site irrigation in plastic surgery: what is essential? Aesthet Surg J, 2018, 38(3): 276-278.
23. Lai HW, Chen ST, Tai CM, et al. Robotic- versus endoscopic-assisted nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate prosthesis breast reconstruction in the management of breast cancer: A case-control comparison study with analysis of clinical outcomes, learning curve, patient-reported aesthetic results, and medical cost. Ann Surg Oncol, 2020, 27(7): 2255-2268.
24. Houvenaeghel G, Cohen M, Dammacco MA, et al. Prophylactic nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction: results of a French prospective trial. Br J Surg, 2021, 108(3): 296-301.
25. Komorowski AL, Zanini V, Regolo L, et al. Necrotic complications after nipple- and areola-sparing mastectomy. World J Surg, 2006, 30(8): 1410-1413.
26. Daar DA, Abdou SA, Rosario L, et al. Is there a preferred incision location for nipple-sparing mastectomy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2019, 143(5): 906e-919e.
27. Tevlin R, Griffin M, Karin M, et al. Impact of incision placement on ischemic complications in microsurgical breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2022, 149(2): 316-322.
28. 李娟, 唐庆, 冯玉, 等. 双侧乳房切除术后即刻植入物乳房重建: 腔镜与传统开放手术的比较. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2023, 30(1): 32-38.
29. Lee HY, Chang YW, Yu DY, et al. Comparison of single incision endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy and conventional nipple-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer based on initial experience. J Breast Cancer, 2021, 24(2): 196-205.
30. Park HS, Lee J, Lai HW, et al. Surgical and oncologic outcomes of robotic and conventional nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate reconstruction: International multicenter pooled data analysis. Ann Surg Oncol, 2022, 29(11): 6646-6657.
31. Lai HW, Chen ST, Mok CW, et al. Robotic versus conventional nipple sparing mastectomy and immediate gel implant breast reconstruction in the management of breast cancer-A case control comparison study with analysis of clinical outcome, medical cost, and patient-reported cosmetic results. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2020, 73(8): 1514-1525.
32. Wang ZH, Gao GX, Liu WH, et al. Single-port nipple-sparing subcutaneous mastectomy with immediate prosthetic breast reconstruction for breast cancer. Surg Endosc, 2023, 37(5): 3842-3851.
33. Harless CA, Jacobson SR. Tailoring through technology: A retrospective review of a single surgeon’s experience with implant-based breast reconstruction before and after implementation of laser-assisted indocyanine green angiography. Breast J, 2016, 22(3): 274-281.
34. Frey JD, Salibian AA, Choi M, et al. Mastectomy flap thickness and complications in nipple-sparing mastectomy: objective evaluation using magnetic resonance imaging. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open, 2017, 5(8): e1439. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000001439.
35. Singer R, Lewis CM, Franklin JD, et al. Fluorescein test for prediction of flap viability during breast reconstructions. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1978, 61(3): 371-375.
36. Astanehe A, Temple-Oberle C, Nielsen M, et al. An enhanced recovery after surgery pathway for microvascular breast reconstruction is safe and effective. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open, 2018, 6(1): e1634. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000001634.
37. Dumestre DO, Webb CE, Temple-Oberle C. Improved recovery experience achieved for women undergoing implant-based breast reconstruction using an enhanced recovery after surgery model. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2017, 139(3): 550-559.
38. Turin SY, Li DD, Vaca EE, et al. Nitroglycerin ointment for reducing the rate of mastectomy flap necrosis in immediate implant-based breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2018, 142(3): 264e-270e.
39. Jimenez RB, Packowski K, Horick N, et al. The timing of acute and late complications following mastectomy and implant-based reconstruction. Ann Surg, 2023, 278(1): e203-e208.
40. 张晴, 谢妍妍, 梁法清, 等. 腔镜和机器人手术在乳腺疾病治疗中的前世今生. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2024, 38(7): 769-775.
41. Dai H, Cao XM, Wu H, et al. Reverse-sequence endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy with direct-to-implant breast reconstruction and air inflation adjustment technique in patients with large or severely ptotic breast: a single-center prospective cohort study. The Lancet Regional Health-Western Pacific, 2025, 55S1: 101432. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2024.101432.
42. Ho WS, Ying SY, Chan AC. Endoscopic-assisted subcutaneous mastectomy and axillary dissection with immediate mammary prosthesis reconstruction for early breast cancer. Surg Endosc, 2002, 16(2): 302-306.
43. Du J, Liang Q, Qi X, et al. Endoscopic nipple sparing mastectomy with immediate implant-based reconstruction versus breast conserving surgery: a long-term study. Sci Rep, 2017, 7: 45636. doi: 10.1038/srep45636.
44. Zhou J, Liu X, Feng Y, et al. Breakthrough in breast reconstruction in the context of COVID-19: safety and efficiency of endoscopic breast reconstruction at a day surgery center. Gland Surg, 2021, 10(8): 2477-2489.
45. 刘馨然, 谢妍妍, 梁法清, 等. 腋窝入路腔镜下乳腺癌根治假体结合补片在一期乳房重建中的应用. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2021, 35(9): 1212-1214.
46. Cohen JB, Carroll C, Tenenbaum MM, et al. Breast implant-associated infections: the role of the national surgical quality improvement program and the local microbiome. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2015, 136(5): 921-929.
47. Rocco N, Catanuto G. More evidence for implant-based breast reconstruction. Lancet Oncol, 2019, 20(2): 174-175.
48. Phillips BT, Fourman MS, Bishawi M, et al. Are prophylactic postoperative antibiotics necessary for immediate breast reconstruction? Results of a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Surg, 2016, 222(6): 1116-1124.
49. Gahm J, Ljung Konstantinidou A, Lagergren J, et al. Effectiveness of single vs multiple doses of prophylactic intravenous antibiotics in implant-based breast reconstruction: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open, 2022, 5(9): e2231583. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.31583.
50. Haque S, Kanapathy M, Bollen E, et al. Patient-reported outcome and cost implication of acute salvage of infected implant-based breast reconstruction with negative pressure wound therapy with Instillation (NPWTi) compared to standard care. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2021, 74(12): 3300-3306.
51. Takeuchi M, Kuwahara M, Ando J, et al. Successful salvage of an infected breast prothesis by changing from continuous to intermittent suction under continuous irrigation. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2021, 82: 105860. doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.105860.
52. 中国抗癌协会乳腺癌专业委员会, 中国医师协会外科医师分会乳腺外科医师委员会, 上海市抗癌协会乳腺癌专业委员会. 乳腺肿瘤整形与乳房重建专家共识(2022年版). 中国癌症杂志, 2022, 32(9): 836-924.
53. Spear SL, Seruya M. Management of the infected or exposed breast prosthesis: A single surgeon’s 15-year experience with 69 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2010, 125(4): 1074-1084.
54. Prince MD, Suber JS, Aya-Ay ML, et al. Prosthesis salvage in breast reconstruction patients with periprosthetic infection and exposure. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2012, 129(1): 42-48.
55. Yii NW, Khoo CT. Salvage of infected expander prostheses in breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2003, 111(3): 1087-1092.
56. 彭翠娥, 李赞, 毛煌兴, 等. 线上线下康复干预对改善乳腺癌术后乳房重建者上肢功能和体像自评的效果. 中国护理管理, 2020, 20(11): 1637-1642.
57. 邵腊梅. 渐进性康复训练对乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿、肢体功能和疼痛的影响. 中国医药指南, 2024, 22(22): 144-146.
58. Pusic AL, Klassen AF, Scott AM, et al. Development of a new patient-reported outcome measure for breast surgery: the BREAST-Q. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2009, 124(2): 345-353.
59. Harris DL. Self-consciousness of disproportionate breast size: a primary psychological reaction to abnormal appearance. Br J Plast Surg, 1983, 36(2): 191-195.
60. Ueda S, Tamaki Y, Yano K, et al. Cosmetic outcome and patient satisfaction after skin-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer with immediate reconstruction of the breast. Surgery, 2008, 143(3): 414-425.
61. Spear SL, Baker JL Jr. Classification of capsular contracture after prosthetic breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1995, 96(5): 1119-1124.

Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Latest ArticlesPerioperative management of direct-to-implant-based breast reconstruction in breast cancer patients and West China Hospital experiences

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Format

Content